Traits of shrubs in forests and bushes reveal different life strategies

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0024

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Shrubs play important roles in both forest and bushland ecosystems. This study aims to identify the adaptative strategies of shrubs in different habitats by analyzing the differences in functional traits of shrubs grown in understory of forest communities and in two bushlands.
Methods Nine functional traits for leaves and twigs were measured on samples collected from the dominant shrub species in 24 plots distributed in three contrasting habitats: forest understory, low mountain bushes, and bushes on the mountaintop, in Beishan Mountain of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. The overall differences among habitats, inter- and intra-specific variations, and differences between life forms in the functional traits of shrubs were tested by statistical analysis.
Important findings The nine plant traits differed for shrubs grown in the three habitats. The shrubs in forest understory had higher leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA), lower leaf dry-matter content (LDMC), leaf tissue density (LTD) and twig tissue density (TTD), while those in low mountain bushes had greater leaf thickness (LT) and LTD, smaller SLA and twig dry-matter content (TDMC), compared with shrubs from bushes on the mountaintop. The inter- and intra-specific variation coefficients of SLA, twig diameter (TD), TTD, and TDMC were greatest in shrubs of the forest understory, whereas the inter- and intra-specific variation coefficients of SLA, LDMC, TDMC, and TTD were smallest in shrubs of low mountain bushes. Among different life forms, the understory evergreen shrubs had significantly higher LT, LTD, and LDMC, and lower SLA, than that of deciduous shrubs. The differences in LT and SLA between evergreen and deciduous shrubs of the mountaintop bushes were the same as the understory shrubs, but the differences in LTD and LDMC were reversed. Species and its interaction with habitat are the major factors affecting the shrub traits. In short, compared to the shrubs from bushes, the understory shrubs in forest communities form a series of trait combinations with greater LA and SLA, and smaller LTD, TTD and LDMC for faster growth in order to adapt to the understory environment with less light and stronger competition; this is a quick investment-return (resource acquisitive) strategy. Shrubs from low mountain bushes and the mountaintop bushes are associated with a series trait combinations with greater LT, LTD, LDMC and TTD, and smaller LA, SLA for storing more nutrients and growing slower; this is a slow investment-return (resource conservative) strategy. Different combinations of shrub functional traits and their various life strategies can provide guidance to the ecological restoration of degraded vegetation in the subtropical region of China.

Key words: shrub, plant functional traits, subtropical forests, shrubland, habitat, life history strategy

CAO Jia-Yu, LIU Jian-Feng, YUAN Quan, XU De-Yu, FAN Hai-Dong, CHEN Hai-Yan, TAN Bin, LIU Li-Bin, YE Duo, NI Jian. Traits of shrubs in forests and bushes reveal different life strategies[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2020, 44(7): 715-729.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2020.0024

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2020/V44/I7/715

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Site characteristics and dominant shrubs for the 24 plots in Beishan Mountain of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province

Table 2 Main functional traits of shrubs and their implications to plant functions and life strategies

Fig. 1 Shrub functional traits (mean ± SE) for three different habitats in Beishan Mountain of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. lmb, low mountain bushes; mtb, mountaintop bushes; uss, understory shrub layer. LA, leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry-matter content; LT, leaf thickness; LTD, leaf tissue density; SLA, specific leaf area; TBT, twig bark thickness; TD, twig diameter; TDMC, twig dry-matter content; TTD, twig tissue density. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

Fig. 2 Inter- and intra-specific coefficients of variation (CV) in shrub functional traits from three different habitats in Beishan Mountain of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. lmb, low mountain bushes; mtb, mountaintop bushes; uss, understory shrub layer. LA, leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry-matter content; LT, leaf thickness; LTD, leaf tissue density; SLA, specific leaf area; TBT, twig bark thickness; TD, twig diameter; TDMC, twig dry-matter content; TTD, twig tissue density.

Table 3 Effects of species, life forms and habitats on shrub functional traits

性状 Trait	物种 Species			生活型 Life form			生境 Habitat			生活型×生境 Life form × Habitat			物种×生境 Species × Habitat
性状 Trait	F	Sig	R²	F	Sig	R²	F	Sig	R²	F	Sig	R²	F	Sig	R²
叶面积 LA	145.24	***	0.79	20.51	***	0.02	16.09	***	0.03	20.13	***	0.02	0.47	***	0.78
叶厚度 LT	82.01	***	0.68	187.76	***	0.16	1.14	ns	0.00	9.19	**	0.01	3.16	**	0.69
叶组织密度 LTD	31.03	***	0.44	0.14	ns	0.00	79.49	***	0.17	15.35	***	0.02	3.83	***	0.53
比叶面积 SLA	140.51	***	0.78	290.78	***	0.17	38.24	***	0.04	1.65	ns	0.00	2.05	**	0.80
叶干物质含量 LDMC	99.58	***	0.72	0.84	ns	0.00	33.02	***	0.08	12.28	***	0.01	6.56	***	0.76
小枝直径 TD	21.82	***	0.36	11.48	**	0.01	7.16	**	0.02	12.68	***	0.01	0.76	**	0.35
小枝树皮厚度 TBT	60.72	***	0.61	0.08	ns	0.00	15.89	***	0.04	0.50	ns	0.00	6.04	***	0.65
小枝组织密度 TTD	43.07	***	0.53	3.28	ns	0.00	11.31	***	0.03	3.24	ns	0.00	3.28	***	0.53
小枝干物质含量 TDMC	39.70	***	0.51	3.23	ns	0.00	21.48	***	0.05	1.70	ns	0.00	2.46	*	0.50

Fig. 3 Shrub functional traits (mean ± SE) for different life forms from three different habitats in Beishan Mountain of Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. lmb, low mountain bushes; mtb, mountaintop bushes; uss, understory shrub layer. LA, leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry-matter content; LT, leaf thickness; LTD, leaf tissue density; SLA, specific leaf area; TBT, twig bark thickness; TD, twig diameter; TDMC, twig dry-matter content; TTD, twig tissue density. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).

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