Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 584-596.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0072
• Research Articles • Previous Articles
FENG Ke1, LIU Dong-Mei2, ZHANG Qi1, AN Jing3, HE Shuang-Hui1,*(
)
Received:2022-02-22
Accepted:2022-07-27
Online:2023-04-20
Published:2022-09-16
Contact:
*(heshuanghui@bjfu.edu.cn )
Supported by:FENG Ke, LIU Dong-Mei, ZHANG Qi, AN Jing, HE Shuang-Hui. Effect of tourism disturbance on soil microbial diversity and community structure in a Pinus tabuliformis forest[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(4): 584-596.
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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0072
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of plots with different tourism disturbance intensity. A, Plot with high tourism disturbance intensity. B, Plot with low tourism disturbance intensity. C, Plot with no tourism disturbance intensity. △ represents infrastructure for tourist use, leisure and entertainment, etc.
| 类型 Type | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 坡度 Slope (o) | 树种组成 Tree composition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 无干扰 No disturbance | 1 099 ± 126 | 31.25 ± 6.40 | 油松、北京丁香 Pinus tabuliformis, Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis |
| 低干扰区 Low disturbance | 1 008 ± 100 | 27.25 ± 3.27 | 油松、漆树 Pinus tabuliformis, Toxicodendron verniciflum |
| 高干扰区 High disturbance | 985 ± 88 | 25.25 ± 10.96 | 油松、山杨、北京丁香、核桃楸 Pinus tabuliformis, Populus davidiana, Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis, Juglans mandshurica |
Table 1 Information for sampling plots in Songshan National Nature Reserve, Beijing (mean ± SD)
| 类型 Type | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 坡度 Slope (o) | 树种组成 Tree composition |
|---|---|---|---|
| 无干扰 No disturbance | 1 099 ± 126 | 31.25 ± 6.40 | 油松、北京丁香 Pinus tabuliformis, Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis |
| 低干扰区 Low disturbance | 1 008 ± 100 | 27.25 ± 3.27 | 油松、漆树 Pinus tabuliformis, Toxicodendron verniciflum |
| 高干扰区 High disturbance | 985 ± 88 | 25.25 ± 10.96 | 油松、山杨、北京丁香、核桃楸 Pinus tabuliformis, Populus davidiana, Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis, Juglans mandshurica |
| 变量 Variable | 描述 Description |
|---|---|
| 郁闭度 Canopy | 20 m × 20 m样地中植被总盖度, 目测精度5% Total vegetation coverage in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 乔木密度 Tree density | 20 m × 20 m样地中乔木总数 Total number of arbors in 20 m × 20 m plot |
| 灌木密度 Shrub density | 20 m × 20 m样地中灌木总数 Total number of shrubs in 20 m × 20 m plot |
| 乔木盖度 Tree cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中乔木覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of arbors in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 草本盖度 Herb cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中草本覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of herbs in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 灌木盖度 Shrub cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中灌木覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of shrubs in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 凋落物盖度 Litter cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中各取样点凋落物覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of litters at each sampling site in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 乔木胸径 Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) | 距20 m × 20 m样地中心点最近的8株乔木平均胸径 Average DBH of eight trees closest to the centre point of 20 m × 20 m plot |
| 灌木胸径 Shrub DBH | 距20 m × 20 m样地中心点最近的8株灌木平均胸径 Average DBH of eight shrubs closest to the centre point of 20 m × 20 m plot |
Table 2 Description of microhabitat variables in sampling plots of Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve
| 变量 Variable | 描述 Description |
|---|---|
| 郁闭度 Canopy | 20 m × 20 m样地中植被总盖度, 目测精度5% Total vegetation coverage in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 乔木密度 Tree density | 20 m × 20 m样地中乔木总数 Total number of arbors in 20 m × 20 m plot |
| 灌木密度 Shrub density | 20 m × 20 m样地中灌木总数 Total number of shrubs in 20 m × 20 m plot |
| 乔木盖度 Tree cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中乔木覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of arbors in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 草本盖度 Herb cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中草本覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of herbs in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 灌木盖度 Shrub cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中灌木覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of shrubs in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 凋落物盖度 Litter cover | 20 m × 20 m样地中各取样点凋落物覆盖程度, 目测精度5% Coverage of litters at each sampling site in 20 m × 20 m plot, visually measured accuracy 5% |
| 乔木胸径 Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) | 距20 m × 20 m样地中心点最近的8株乔木平均胸径 Average DBH of eight trees closest to the centre point of 20 m × 20 m plot |
| 灌木胸径 Shrub DBH | 距20 m × 20 m样地中心点最近的8株灌木平均胸径 Average DBH of eight shrubs closest to the centre point of 20 m × 20 m plot |
| 类别 Category | 组 Group | 门 Phylum | 纲 Class | 目 Order | 科 Family | 属 Genus | 种 Species |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 真菌 Fungi | 高干扰区 HD | 11 | 57 | 135 | 336 | 626 | 963 |
| 低干扰区 LD | 12 | 60 | 153 | 384 | 586 | 873 | |
| 无干扰区 ND | 14 | 54 | 136 | 343 | 683 | 1 053 | |
| 细菌 Bacteria | 高干扰区 HD | 45 | 131 | 183 | 222 | 347 | 418 |
| 低干扰区 LD | 44 | 135 | 177 | 207 | 318 | 386 | |
| 无干扰区 ND | 46 | 129 | 171 | 206 | 312 | 374 |
Table 3 Soil bacterial and fungal species compositions in Songshan Pinus tabuliformis forest under different disturbance intensity groups
| 类别 Category | 组 Group | 门 Phylum | 纲 Class | 目 Order | 科 Family | 属 Genus | 种 Species |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 真菌 Fungi | 高干扰区 HD | 11 | 57 | 135 | 336 | 626 | 963 |
| 低干扰区 LD | 12 | 60 | 153 | 384 | 586 | 873 | |
| 无干扰区 ND | 14 | 54 | 136 | 343 | 683 | 1 053 | |
| 细菌 Bacteria | 高干扰区 HD | 45 | 131 | 183 | 222 | 347 | 418 |
| 低干扰区 LD | 44 | 135 | 177 | 207 | 318 | 386 | |
| 无干扰区 ND | 46 | 129 | 171 | 206 | 312 | 374 |
| 类别 Category | 指数 Index | 无干扰-高干扰 ND-HD | 低干扰-无干扰 LD-ND | 低干扰-高干扰 LD-HD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 真菌 Fungi | Faith系统发育多样性指数 Faith phylogenetic diversity index | 39.06 (0.00*) | -29.73 (0.00*) | 9.33 (0.59) |
| 香农-维纳多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | 1.66 (0.00*) | 1.12 (0.39) | 2.78 (0.00*) | |
| 直观绝对序列变体 Observed ASV | 177.70 (0.00*) | 570.45 (0.83) | 748.15 (0.01*) | |
| Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.16 (0.00*) | 0.07 (0.27) | 0.22 (0.00*) | |
| 细菌 Bacteria | Faith系统发育多样性指数 Faith phylogenetic diversity index | -10.29 (0.08) | -0.63 (0.75) | -10.92 (0.20) |
| 香农-维纳多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | 0.03 (0.75) | -1.87 (0.00*) | -1.84 (0.00*) | |
| 直观数量统计 Observed ASV | -0.60 (0.87) | -759.25 (0.00*) | -759.85 (0.00*) | |
| Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.00 (0.59) | -0.13 (0.13) | -0.125 (0.07) |
Table 4 Differences in soil bacterial and fungal alpha diversities between groups by U test in Songshan Pinus tabuliformis forest
| 类别 Category | 指数 Index | 无干扰-高干扰 ND-HD | 低干扰-无干扰 LD-ND | 低干扰-高干扰 LD-HD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 真菌 Fungi | Faith系统发育多样性指数 Faith phylogenetic diversity index | 39.06 (0.00*) | -29.73 (0.00*) | 9.33 (0.59) |
| 香农-维纳多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | 1.66 (0.00*) | 1.12 (0.39) | 2.78 (0.00*) | |
| 直观绝对序列变体 Observed ASV | 177.70 (0.00*) | 570.45 (0.83) | 748.15 (0.01*) | |
| Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.16 (0.00*) | 0.07 (0.27) | 0.22 (0.00*) | |
| 细菌 Bacteria | Faith系统发育多样性指数 Faith phylogenetic diversity index | -10.29 (0.08) | -0.63 (0.75) | -10.92 (0.20) |
| 香农-维纳多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | 0.03 (0.75) | -1.87 (0.00*) | -1.84 (0.00*) | |
| 直观数量统计 Observed ASV | -0.60 (0.87) | -759.25 (0.00*) | -759.85 (0.00*) | |
| Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.00 (0.59) | -0.13 (0.13) | -0.125 (0.07) |
Fig. 2 Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) of soil microbial communities in different disturbance intensity groups in Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve. A, Soil fungi. B, Soil bacteria. Closer distances between dots and smaller circles represent higher similarity in microbial composition. The confidence interval level is 0.85. LD, low disturbance group; HD, high disturbance group; ND, no disturbance group.
Fig. 3 Soil microbial community structure in different disturbance intensity groups (phylum level) in Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve. A, Soil fungi. B, Soil bacteria. LD, low disturbance group; HD, high disturbance group; ND, no disturbance group. The whole picture is divided into upper and lower part. The upper part from left to right represents low disturbance group, high disturbance group and no disturbance group, respectively, while the lower part represents different microbial taxa; the thicker the chord, the greater proportion of the corresponding microbial taxa. Scale number represent the number of microorganisms.
Fig. 4 LEfSe analysis of fungal communities in different disturbance intensity groups in Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve. HD, high disturbance group; ND, no disturbance group. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) > 0 indicates biomarkers of ND, LDA < 0 indicates biomarkers of HD; the evolutionary tree (phylum to species level) is constructed according to the LDA results. Among them, the green nodes represent ND hold more abundant fungi than other groups at this level, the red nodes represent HD hold more abundant fungi than other groups at this level, and the green nodes represent that there is no significant difference between groups.
Fig. 5 LEfSe analysis of bacterial communities in different disturbance intensity groups in Beijing Songshan Nature Reserve. HD, high disturbance group; ND, no disturbance group. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) > 0 indicates biomarkers of ND, LDA < 0 indicates biomarkers of HD; the evolutionary tree (phylum to species level) is constructed according to the LDA results. Among them, the green nodes represent ND hold more abundant bacteria than other groups at this level, the red nodes represent HD hold more abundant bacteria than other groups at this level, and the green nodes represent that there is no significant difference between groups.
| 变量 Variable | 无干扰-高干扰 ND-HD | 无干扰-低干扰 ND-LD | 高干扰-低干扰 HD-LD |
|---|---|---|---|
| 土壤含水量 Soil water content | 0.04 (0.02*) | 0.01 (0.30) | -0.02 (0.30) |
| 土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content | 0.02 (0.43) | 0.00 (0.83) | -0.02 (0.77) |
| 土壤 pH Soil pH | -0.21 (0.12) | -0.10 (0.69) | 0.11 (0.20) |
| 土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content | 0.08 (0.00*) | 0.03 (0.34) | -0.05 (0.08) |
| 土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content | 0.71 (0.06) | 0.54 (0.19) | -0.17 (0.78) |
| 土壤有效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content | 0.30 (0.26) | -0.11 (0.46) | -0.41 (0.13) |
| 郁闭度 Canopy | 8.75 (0.07) | 7.50 (0.13) | -1.25 (0.93) |
| 乔木密度 Tree density | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.18) | -0.01 (0.88) |
| 灌木密度 Shrub density | 1.76 (0.00*) | 0.70 (0.05*) | -1.06 (0.00*) |
| 乔木盖度 Tree cover | 15.00 (0.07) | 11.25 (0.19) | -3.75 (0.80) |
| 草本盖度 Herb cover | 26.25 (0.00*) | 13.75 (0.05*) | -12.50 (0.05*) |
| 灌木盖度 Shrub cover | 10.00 (0.07) | 6.25 (0.09) | -3.75 (0.61) |
| 凋落物盖度 Litter cover | 27.50 (0.00*) | 8.75 (0.30) | -18.75 (0.05*) |
| 乔木胸径 Tree DBH | 28.87 (0.00*) | 11.59 (0.11) | -17.28 (0.05*) |
| 灌木胸径 Shrub DBH | 0.46 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.72) | -0.30 (0.36) |
Table 5 Differences in microhabitats and soil edaphic factors between groups by one-way ANOVA, U test and multiple comparisons in Songshan Pinus tabuliformis forest
| 变量 Variable | 无干扰-高干扰 ND-HD | 无干扰-低干扰 ND-LD | 高干扰-低干扰 HD-LD |
|---|---|---|---|
| 土壤含水量 Soil water content | 0.04 (0.02*) | 0.01 (0.30) | -0.02 (0.30) |
| 土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content | 0.02 (0.43) | 0.00 (0.83) | -0.02 (0.77) |
| 土壤 pH Soil pH | -0.21 (0.12) | -0.10 (0.69) | 0.11 (0.20) |
| 土壤速效钾含量 Soil available potassium content | 0.08 (0.00*) | 0.03 (0.34) | -0.05 (0.08) |
| 土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content | 0.71 (0.06) | 0.54 (0.19) | -0.17 (0.78) |
| 土壤有效磷含量 Soil available phosphorus content | 0.30 (0.26) | -0.11 (0.46) | -0.41 (0.13) |
| 郁闭度 Canopy | 8.75 (0.07) | 7.50 (0.13) | -1.25 (0.93) |
| 乔木密度 Tree density | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.18) | -0.01 (0.88) |
| 灌木密度 Shrub density | 1.76 (0.00*) | 0.70 (0.05*) | -1.06 (0.00*) |
| 乔木盖度 Tree cover | 15.00 (0.07) | 11.25 (0.19) | -3.75 (0.80) |
| 草本盖度 Herb cover | 26.25 (0.00*) | 13.75 (0.05*) | -12.50 (0.05*) |
| 灌木盖度 Shrub cover | 10.00 (0.07) | 6.25 (0.09) | -3.75 (0.61) |
| 凋落物盖度 Litter cover | 27.50 (0.00*) | 8.75 (0.30) | -18.75 (0.05*) |
| 乔木胸径 Tree DBH | 28.87 (0.00*) | 11.59 (0.11) | -17.28 (0.05*) |
| 灌木胸径 Shrub DBH | 0.46 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.72) | -0.30 (0.36) |
Fig. 6 PLS-PM predicted the impact of disturbance intensity on soil microbial alpha diversity in Songshan Pinus tabuliformis forest. A, Soil fungi. B, Soil bacteria. The solid black lines represent the loading values of observed variable, the solid red arrow lines represent a significant negative correlation, and the dashed red (black) arrow lines represent no significant correlation.
Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) between soil microbial communities (phylum level) and environmental factor in different disturbance intensity groups in Songshan Pinus tabuliformis forest. A, Soil fungi. B, Soil bacteria. LD, low disturbance group; HD, high disturbance group; ND, no disturbance group. AK, available potassium content; HC, herb cover; LC, litter cover; Tree_DBH, tree diameter at breast height; SWC, soil water content. The longer the solid black arrow line, the greater the influence.
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