Effects of the second generation wild boar grazing on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in Jiajin Mountain, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0107

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of the second generation wild boar grazing on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain, and to provide reference for the maintenance of ecological stability and scientific grazing of the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in this area.

Methods On the basis of comprehensive investigation, according to the number, area, behavior characteristics and activity range of wild boar, four grazing disturbance intensity (from strong to weak was followed by I, II, III, IV) were divided, and no disturbance state was set as control (CK) to explore species diversity and soil physicochemical properties under different grazing disturbance intensity.

Important findings (1) 172 species of vascular plants, belonging to 55 families and 117 genera, were recorded, with the families, genera and species of trees, shrubs and herbs reaching the highest under slight disturbance intensity (IV). (2) The responses of tree, shrub and herb diversity index to the disturbance gradient were basically the same, but the richness index (S), Shannon diversity index (H') and Simpson dominance index (D) reached the maximum under the IV level disturbance intensity, which were higher than those in CK. The diversity level tended to decline with the increase of disturbance intensity (IV-I). In addition, for Pielou evenness index (E), there was no significant difference among different disturbance intensity levels. (3) Compared with CK, soil water content, maximum water content and total nitrogen content decreased under wild boar grazing. The greater the grazing pressure, the greater the proportion of decline. The content of soil total porosity, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and organic matter content increased in the IV level of interference, and decreased significantly under the I-III level interference; the soil density increased with the increase of disturbance intensity. (4) Redundancy analysis showed that soil organic matter content, available phosphorus content, soil density, soil water content, soil porosity, total phosphorus content, total nitrogen content and diversity index were significantly correlated. The light disturbance intensity is beneficial to the richness of community species diversity, the improvement of soil fertility and soil structure, which is a positive factor for the maintenance of ecological stability of the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in the Jiajin Mountain. The study provides a reference for the forest ecological environment protection and sustainable development in this area under the background of increasingly expanding grazing and animal husbandry and increasingly frequent disturbance of human activities.

Key words: the second generation wild boar grazing, coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest, species diversity, soil physicochemical property, redundancy analysis (RDA)

HAO Jian-Feng, ZHOU Run-Hui, YAO Xiao-Lan, YU Jing, CHEN Cong-Lin, XIANG Lin, WANG Yao-Yao, SU Tian-Cheng, QI Jin-Qiu. Effects of the second generation wild boar grazing on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in Jiajin Mountain, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(2): 197-207.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2021.0107

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I2/197

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Site location of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in the Jiajin Mountain. CK, control area (plot 17-20); I, heavy disturbance (plot 1-4); II, moderate to heavy disturbance (plot 5-8); III, moderate disturbance (plot 9-12); IV, slight disturbance (plot 13-16).

Table 1 General characteristics of different grazing disturbance intensity of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest plot in the Jiajin Mountain

干扰强度 Disturbance intensity	样地编号 No. of plot	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Aspect (°)	海拔 Altitude (m)	平均胸径 Average diameter at breast height (cm)	平均高度 Average height (m)	密度 Density (Ind.·hm^-2)
I	1	25	NE63	2 977	12.39	7.89	883
	2	25	NE45	2 895	12.00	8.23	900
	3	24	NE56	2 896	10.75	7.16	885
	4	24	NE47	2 864	11.90	7.94	946
II	5	25	NE67	2 995	11.29	7.19	1 050
	6	24	NE58	2 990	10.55	7.19	1 066
	7	23	NE56	2 994	14.71	8.40	1 053
	8	25	NE65	2 968	12.74	8.25	1 040
III	9	28	NE81	3 000	12.08	7.72	1 066
	10	25	NE46	3 010	15.04	8.57	1 066
	11	26	NE78	3 002	12.20	8.02	1 079
	12	26	NE80	3 018	15.52	8.58	1 056
IV	13	20	NE76	3 047	11.19	6.77	1 100
	14	23	NE66	2 996	13.10	7.77	1 125
	15	23	NE63	3 025	11.14	7.30	1 143
	16	24	NE53	3 004	11.55	7.62	1 133
CK	17	25	NE64	3 050	10.41	6.92	1 180
	18	25	NE62	3 021	12.29	8.01	1 233
	19	24	NE66	2 998	10.37	6.72	1 156
	20	26	NE59	3 016	12.94	8.89	1 206

Fig. 2 Species composition of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities. CK, control area; I, heavy disturbance; II, moderate to heavy disturbance; III, moderate disturbance; IV, slight disturbance.

Fig. 3 Species diversity index of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest communities in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities (mean ± SE). CK, control area; I, heavy disturbance; II, moderate to heavy disturbance; III, moderate disturbance; IV, slight disturbance. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among different grazing disturbance intensities (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4 Soil moisture-physical properties of coniferous-broad- leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities (mean ± SE). CK, control area; I, heavy disturbance; II, moderate to heavy disturbance; III, moderate disturbance; IV, slight disturbance. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

Table 2 Soil chemical properties of coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain under different grazing disturbance intensities (mean ± SE)

土壤化学性质 Soil chemical property	干扰强度 Disturbance intensity
土壤化学性质 Soil chemical property	I	II	III	IV	CK
pH	4.74 ± 0.24^b	5.58 ± 0.42^ab	5.30 ± 0.27^ab	5.60 ± 0.43^ab	6.46 ± 0.09^a
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (mg·g^-1)	3.29 ± 0.09^b	3.48 ± 0.33^b	4.30 ± 0.04^a	4.42 ± 0.08^a	4.78 ± 0.35^a
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (mg·g^-1)	3.19 ± 0.44^b	4.84 ± 0.19^a	4.64 ± 0.34^a	5.49 ± 0.24^a	4.87 ± 0.12^a
速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	66.97 ± 4.91^d	83.72 ± 6.58^cd	120.01 ± 3.18^c	377.60 ± 18.77^b	220.78 ± 17.96^a
有机质含量 Organic matter content (mg·g^-1)	33.31 ± 3.61^b	60.46 ± 1.00^a	62.71 ± 3.90^a	74.44 ± 3.64^a	68.35 ± 4.21^a

Table 3 Results of redundancy analysis sequencing and Monte-Carlo permutation test on species diversity and soil physicochemical properties of coniferous- broad-leaved mixed forest in the Jiajin Mountain

土壤理化因子 Soil physicochemical factor	RDA 1	RDA 2	F	解释变异量 Explains variation (%)	p
有机质含量 Organic matter content	-0.862 3	0.103 3	25.1	58.2	0.002^**
有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content	-0.840 8	-0.083 9	22.3	55.4	0.002^**
土壤密度 Soil density	0.812 6	0.132 1	19.4	51.9	0.002^**
土壤含水量 Soil water content	-0.698 0	-0.138 2	11.4	38.9	0.002^**
土壤孔隙度 Soil porosity	-0.640 2	-0.266 3	8.7	32.6	0.004^**
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content	-0.634 7	0.209 7	8.5	32.0	0.004^**
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content	-0.578 9	-0.304 3	6.8	27.3	0.006^**
pH	-0.426 3	0.400 1	3.4	15.8	0.062
特征参数 Characteristic parameter
特征值 Eigenvalues	0.708 2	0.047 0
累积解释变异 Explained variation (%)	70.82	75.51
多样性-土壤因子关系的累积解释量 Cumulative explanatory quantity of relationship between diversity and soil factors (%)	88.56	94.43

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) ordination map of species diversity and soil physicochemical factors. The gray dotted line arrow represents the species diversity index of the herb layer, the black dotted line arrow represents the species diversity index of the tree layer, the black solid line arrow represents the species diversity index of the shrub layer, and the gray solid line arrow represents the soil physical and chemical factors. H-S, species richness index of herb layer; H-H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index of herb layer; H-D, Simpson dominance index of herb layer; H-E, Pielou evenness index of herb layer; S-S, species richness index of shrub layer; S-H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index of shrub layer; S-D, Simpson dominance index of shrub layer; S-E, Pielou evenness index of shrub layer; T-S, species richness index of tree layer; T-H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index of tree layer; T-D, Simpson dominance index of tree layer; T-E, Pielou evenness index of tree layer. AP, available phosphorus content; OM, organic matter content; SD, soil density; SP, soil porosity; SWC, soil water content content; TN, total nitrogen content; TP, total phosphorus content.

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