Changes in species diversity and influencing factors in secondary forest succession in northern Da Hinggan Mountains

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0254

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Species diversity is a crucial component of biodiversity, directly affect ecosystem function and stability during forest succession. Therefore, it is of significant importance to investigate the changes in species diversity and their influencing factors during forest succession for accurately predicting forest ecological processes and biodiversity patterns.

Methods The study focused on three successional stages in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains: Betula platyphylla forest in the early stage, Betula platyphylla - Larix gmelinii mixed forest in the middle stage and Larix gmeliniiforest in the late stage. The study employed a space-for-time substitution to analyze the changes in species diversity during forest succession and explore the relationship between species diversity and environmental factors in cold temperate zone of China.

Important findings The results demonstrated that: (1) Species richness and diversity significantly increased during forest succession. The Margalef richness index and Shannon-Wiener index were 2.42 and 2.69 in the early stage of succession, and 5.90 and 3.43 in the late stage of succession. However, Pielou evenness index showed no significant difference. (2) As succession proceeded, the dissimilarity between plant communities gradually increased, indicated by the increased Jaccard, Sorenson and Bray-Curtis indices. (3) Soil pH, soil organic matter content, total nitrogen content, and total phosphorus content significantly influence species diversity during succession. Specifically, total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content were the primary factors affecting species diversity in the early and middle stages of succession, while soil pH and soil organic matter content were the dominate factors influencing species diversity in the late stage. (4) The influence of stand spatial structure on species diversity also increased over succession, where angular scale and size ratio emerge as the main spatial structure factors. These results underscore the dominant role of soil factors in shaping species diversity during forest succession in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains, while the influence of stand spatial structure on species diversity in the process of forest succession should not be overlooked.

Key words: Da Hinggan Mountains, secondary succession, species diversity, soil properties, stand structure

NIU Yi-Di, CAI Ti-Jiu. Changes in species diversity and influencing factors in secondary forest succession in northern Da Hinggan Mountains[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(3): 349-363.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0254

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2024/V48/I3/349

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Details of 3 successional stage plots in Da Hinggan Mountains (mean ± SD)

林分类型 Forest type	树种组成 Tree species	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	平均胸径 Mean diameter at breast height (cm)	树木密度 Tree density (Ind·hm^-2)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index (m²·m^-2)	平均海拔 Mean altitude (m)
BF	白桦(100%) Betula platyphylla (100%)	12.91 ± 3.38	11.20 ± 3.17	2 214 ± 60	2.64 ± 0.17	384
BLF	白桦(60%)、兴安落叶松(40%) Betula platyphylla (60%), Larix gmelinii (40%)	12.81 ± 3.65	11.71 ± 4.52	2 878 ± 630	2.97 ± 0.19	387
LF	兴安落叶松(100%) Larix gmelinii (100%)	13.77 ± 3.96	12.08 ± 6.05	1 363 ± 97	2.50 ± 0.27	332

Fig. 1 Importance value and species of herb layer, shrub layer and tree layer in secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains. BF, Betula platyphylla forest; BLF, Betula platyphylla - Larix gmelinii forest; LF, Larix gmelinii forest.

Fig. 2 Comparison of species diversity index of herb layer, shrub layer and tree layer in secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different stages (p < 0.05). BF, Betula platyphylla forest; BLF, Betula platyphylla - Larix gmelinii forest; LF, Larix gmelinii forest.

Table 2 α diversity index of secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains at different successional stages (mean ± SD)

演替阶段 Stage of succession	Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index	Simpson多样性指数 Simpson’s diversity index	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index
BF	2.42 ± 0.17^c	0.923 5 ± 0.040 6^c	2.689 ± 0.215 2^c	0.955 8 ± 0.089 2^a
BLF	3.62 ± 0.15^b	0.946 4 ± 0.012 8^b	3.040 ± 0.176 4^b	0.944 5 ± 0.028 3^a
LF	5.90 ± 0.45^a	0.960 1 ± 0.002 5^a	3.432 ± 0.279 9^a	0.922 7 ± 0.049 6^b

Table 3 β diversity index in secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains (mean ± SD)

演替阶段 Stage of succession	Jaccard指数 Jaccard index		Sorenson指数 Sorenson index		Bray-Curtis指数 Bray-Curtis index
演替阶段 Stage of succession	BLF	LF	BLF	LF	BLF	LF
BF	0.65 ± 0.10^a	0.34 ± 0.06^c	0.74 ± 0.11^a	0.49 ± 0.07^b	0.89 ± 0.07^a	0.63 ± 0.08^b
BLF	-	0.52 ± 0.09^b	-	0.66 ± 0.08^a	-	0.66 ± 0.12^b

Table 4 Soil physical and chemical properties of secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains at different successional stages (mean ± SD)

土壤因子 Soil factor	演替阶段 Succession stage
土壤因子 Soil factor	BF	BLF	LF
土壤pH Soil pH	5.54 ± 0.14^a	5.40 ± 0.17^a	5.06 ± 0.12^b
土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	38.00 ± 11.00^b	41.00 ± 8.00^b	48.00 ± 11.00^a
土壤密度 Soil density (g·cm^-3)	1.01 ± 0.11^a	1.17 ± 0.14^a	0.83 ± 0.10^b
土壤有机质含量 Soil organic matter content (g·kg^-1)	40.14 ± 9.06^c	53.10 ± 9.00^b	64.15 ± 10.54^a
土壤全氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	1.39 ± 0.32^b	1.49 ± 0.40^b	2.72 ± 0.37^a
土壤全磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content (g·kg^-1)	0.66 ± 0.12^a	0.74 ± 0.12^a	0.67 ± 0.13^a
土壤全钾含量 Soil total potassium content (g·kg^-1)	1.07 ± 0.15^a	1.06 ± 0.16^a	0.97 ± 0.14^a

Fig. 3 Stand spatial structure parameters of secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains at different successional stages (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different values (p < 0.05). BF, Betula platyphylla forest; BLF, Betula platyphylla - Larix gmelinii forest; LF, Larix gmelinii forest.

Fig. 4 Variance decomposition analysis of soil and stand structure to species diversity of secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains at different successional stages. a, soil factors; b, spatial structure factors of stand; c, soil factors and stand spatial structure factors explain the role together. BF, Betula platyphylla forest; BLF, Betula platyphylla - Larix gmelinii forest; LF, Larix gmelinii forest.

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) ordinations between species diversity index and influencing factors of secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains at different successional stages. A, Whole succession process. B, Betula platyphylla forest. C, Betula platyphylla - Larix gmelinii forest. D, Larix gmelinii forest. D, Simpson’s diversity index; E, Pielou evenness index; H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index; M, mingling; Mar, Margalef richness index; pH, soil pH; SD, soil density; SOM, soil organic matter content; SWC, soil water content; TK, soil total potassium content; TN, soil total nitrogen content; TP, soil total phosphorus content; U, dominance; W, uniform angle.

Table 5 Contribution and significance of factors to species diversity of secondary forest in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains at different successional stages

演替阶段 Stage of succession	参数 Index	贡献率 Contribution (%)	F	p
演替过程 Succession process	TN	33.2	16.2	0.002
	W	15.1	12.4	0.004
	U	12.6	13.9	0.003
	pH	10.4	4.8	0.049
	SOM	8.9	5.5	0.042
	TP	6.7	8.1	0.014
BF	TN	32.0	4.7	0.042
	TP	16.1	3.9	0.046
	U	14.2	2.3	0.052
BLF	TN	19.8	3.1	0.032
	TP	17.9	2.9	0.042
	M	17.8	3.8	0.056
LF	W	36.0	7.8	0.014
	SOM	16.5	27.5	0.002
	pH	14.8	20.0	0.008

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