Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (12): 1668-1683.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2023.0072
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ZHANG Xue1,2,3(), HAN Feng-Peng1,2,*(), XIAO Bo2,4,*(), SHEN Si-Ming4
Received:
2023-03-13
Accepted:
2023-06-15
Online:
2023-12-20
Published:
2023-06-15
Contact:
*(Han FP, hanxiangzi007@163.com; Xiao B, xiaobo@cau.edu.cn)
Supported by:
ZHANG Xue, HAN Feng-Peng, XIAO Bo, SHEN Si-Ming. Effects of biocrusts on surface roughness and seed secondary dispersal of shrubs and grasses on the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(12): 1668-1683.
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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0072
测定指标 Measurement | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 黄绵土 Loess soil | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
无结皮 Bare soil | 藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 藓结皮 Moss crusts | 无结皮 Bare soil | 藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 藓结皮 Moss crusts | |
结皮盖度 Biocrust coverage (%) | - | 77.33 ± 5.83 | 78.13 ± 4.55 | - | 66.08 ± 9.49 | 86.55 ± 1.78 |
结皮厚度 Biocrust thickness (mm) | - | 8.79 ± 0.74 | 12.41 ± 0.96 | - | 11.09 ± 1.75 | 11.45 ± 1.49 |
密度 Density (g·cm-3) | 1.57 ± 0.05 | 1.59 ± 0.02 | 1.42 ± 0.01 | 1.44 ± 0.03 | 1.28 ± 0.01 | 1.28 ± 0.06 |
黏粒(<2 μm)含量 Clay (<2 μm) content (%) | 1.64 ± 0.06 | 1.88 ± 0.03 | 4.47 ± 0.07 | 11.51 ± 0.53 | 14.24 ± 0.60 | 14.86 ± 1.22 |
粉粒(2-50 μm)含量 Silt (2-50 μm) content (%) | 3.58 ± 0.42 | 9.37 ± 0.35 | 16.65 ± 0.28 | 4.15 ± 1.14 | 7.22 ± 0.62 | 3.55 ± 1.15 |
砂粒(50-2 000 μm)含量 Sand (50-2 000 μm) content (%) | 94.89 ± 0.61 | 88.75 ± 0.38 | 78.88 ± 0.35 | 84.34 ± 1.76 | 78.54 ± 0.64 | 81.59 ± 1.08 |
Table 1 General characteristics of biocrusts and bare soil on Loess Plateau (mean ± SD)
测定指标 Measurement | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 黄绵土 Loess soil | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
无结皮 Bare soil | 藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 藓结皮 Moss crusts | 无结皮 Bare soil | 藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 藓结皮 Moss crusts | |
结皮盖度 Biocrust coverage (%) | - | 77.33 ± 5.83 | 78.13 ± 4.55 | - | 66.08 ± 9.49 | 86.55 ± 1.78 |
结皮厚度 Biocrust thickness (mm) | - | 8.79 ± 0.74 | 12.41 ± 0.96 | - | 11.09 ± 1.75 | 11.45 ± 1.49 |
密度 Density (g·cm-3) | 1.57 ± 0.05 | 1.59 ± 0.02 | 1.42 ± 0.01 | 1.44 ± 0.03 | 1.28 ± 0.01 | 1.28 ± 0.06 |
黏粒(<2 μm)含量 Clay (<2 μm) content (%) | 1.64 ± 0.06 | 1.88 ± 0.03 | 4.47 ± 0.07 | 11.51 ± 0.53 | 14.24 ± 0.60 | 14.86 ± 1.22 |
粉粒(2-50 μm)含量 Silt (2-50 μm) content (%) | 3.58 ± 0.42 | 9.37 ± 0.35 | 16.65 ± 0.28 | 4.15 ± 1.14 | 7.22 ± 0.62 | 3.55 ± 1.15 |
砂粒(50-2 000 μm)含量 Sand (50-2 000 μm) content (%) | 94.89 ± 0.61 | 88.75 ± 0.38 | 78.88 ± 0.35 | 84.34 ± 1.76 | 78.54 ± 0.64 | 81.59 ± 1.08 |
物种 Species | 质量 Mass (mg·seed-1) | 长 Length (mm) | 宽 Width (mm) | 高 Height (mm) | 表面积 Area (mm2) | 体积 Volume (mm3) | 密度 Density (mg·mm-3) | 平面度 Flatness | 附属物及黏液 Appendix or mucilage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 50.77 ± 13.87b | 6.20 ± 0.85b | 3.79 ± 0.38b | 3.01 ± 0.42b | 23.66 ± 4.68b | 71.80 ± 20.10b | 0.71 ± 0.08a | 1.69 ± 0.28c | 无 None |
细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 20.51 ± 8.74c | 5.50 ± 0.54b | 3.88 ± 0.41b | 3.30 ± 0.48b | 21.43 ± 3.55b | 71.69 ± 20.01b | 0.28 ± 0.07c | 1.44 ± 0.18d | 表面有白色密毡毛 White dense hairs on surface |
黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 0.76 ± 0.11d | 2.16 ± 0.25c | 1.09 ± 0.13d | 0.77 ± 0.10d | 2.36 ± 0.17d | 1.81 ± 0.10b | 0.42 ± 0.05b | 2.12 ± 0.19b | 分泌黏液 Mucilage secretion |
狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 1.18 ± 0.17d | 2.50 ± 0.26c | 1.59 ± 0.17c | 1.21 ± 0.16c | 3.96 ± 0.20d | 4.78 ± 0.51b | 0.25 ± 0.05cd | 1.69 ± 0.09c | 无 None |
苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 127.93 ± 43.36a | 15.00 ± 1.71a | 7.13 ± 0.75a | 6.61 ± 0.69a | 108.21 ± 19.66a | 724.67 ± 192.76a | 0.19 ± 0.11d | 1.69 ± 0.15c | 具钩状硬刺 Hooked spine |
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa | 5.29 ± 0.38cd | 14.37 ± 2.37a | 0.96 ± 0.10d | 0.85 ± 0.09d | 13.73 ± 1.57c | 11.64 ± 1.78b | 0.45 ± 0.08b | 9.04 ± 0.59a | 顶端具倒刺 Barbed spine on head |
Table 2 Seed morphology characteristics of the shrubs and grasses on Loess Plateau (mean ± SD)
物种 Species | 质量 Mass (mg·seed-1) | 长 Length (mm) | 宽 Width (mm) | 高 Height (mm) | 表面积 Area (mm2) | 体积 Volume (mm3) | 密度 Density (mg·mm-3) | 平面度 Flatness | 附属物及黏液 Appendix or mucilage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 50.77 ± 13.87b | 6.20 ± 0.85b | 3.79 ± 0.38b | 3.01 ± 0.42b | 23.66 ± 4.68b | 71.80 ± 20.10b | 0.71 ± 0.08a | 1.69 ± 0.28c | 无 None |
细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 20.51 ± 8.74c | 5.50 ± 0.54b | 3.88 ± 0.41b | 3.30 ± 0.48b | 21.43 ± 3.55b | 71.69 ± 20.01b | 0.28 ± 0.07c | 1.44 ± 0.18d | 表面有白色密毡毛 White dense hairs on surface |
黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 0.76 ± 0.11d | 2.16 ± 0.25c | 1.09 ± 0.13d | 0.77 ± 0.10d | 2.36 ± 0.17d | 1.81 ± 0.10b | 0.42 ± 0.05b | 2.12 ± 0.19b | 分泌黏液 Mucilage secretion |
狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 1.18 ± 0.17d | 2.50 ± 0.26c | 1.59 ± 0.17c | 1.21 ± 0.16c | 3.96 ± 0.20d | 4.78 ± 0.51b | 0.25 ± 0.05cd | 1.69 ± 0.09c | 无 None |
苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 127.93 ± 43.36a | 15.00 ± 1.71a | 7.13 ± 0.75a | 6.61 ± 0.69a | 108.21 ± 19.66a | 724.67 ± 192.76a | 0.19 ± 0.11d | 1.69 ± 0.15c | 具钩状硬刺 Hooked spine |
鬼针草 Bidens pilosa | 5.29 ± 0.38cd | 14.37 ± 2.37a | 0.96 ± 0.10d | 0.85 ± 0.09d | 13.73 ± 1.57c | 11.64 ± 1.78b | 0.45 ± 0.08b | 9.04 ± 0.59a | 顶端具倒刺 Barbed spine on head |
Fig. 1 Real scene 3D reconstruction models and soil surface fluctuation curves of biocrusts and bare soil on Loess Plateau. A, Bare aeolian sand. B, Cyano crusts on aeolian sand soil. C, Moss crusts on aeolian sand soil. D, Bare loess soil. E, Cyano crusts on loess soil. F, Moss crusts on loess soil.
Fig. 2 Experimental instruments and different treatments on Loess Plateau. A, Wind-driven instruments. B, Experimental plot. C, Bare aeolian sand soil. D, Cyano crusts on aeolian sand soil. E, Moss crusts on aeolian sand soil. F, Bare loess soil. G, Cyano crusts on loess soil. H, Moss crusts on loess soil.
因素 Factor | Type III 平方和 Type III sum of squares | df | 均方 Mean square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 20.722 | 1 | 20.722 | 2.826 | 0.095 |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 3 172.827 | 2 | 1 586.414 | 216.336 | <0.001 |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 2.783 | 1 | 2.783 | 0.380 | 0.539 |
ST × BT | 132.760 | 2 | 66.380 | 9.052 | <0.001 |
ST × SWC | 70.176 | 1 | 70.176 | 9.570 | 0.002 |
BT × SWC | 36.991 | 2 | 18.496 | 2.522 | 0.084 |
ST × BT × SWC | 22.225 | 2 | 11.112 | 1.515 | 0.223 |
Table 3 Effects of soil types, biocrust types, soil water conditions and their interactions on surface roughness on the Loess Plateau
因素 Factor | Type III 平方和 Type III sum of squares | df | 均方 Mean square | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 20.722 | 1 | 20.722 | 2.826 | 0.095 |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 3 172.827 | 2 | 1 586.414 | 216.336 | <0.001 |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 2.783 | 1 | 2.783 | 0.380 | 0.539 |
ST × BT | 132.760 | 2 | 66.380 | 9.052 | <0.001 |
ST × SWC | 70.176 | 1 | 70.176 | 9.570 | 0.002 |
BT × SWC | 36.991 | 2 | 18.496 | 2.522 | 0.084 |
ST × BT × SWC | 22.225 | 2 | 11.112 | 1.515 | 0.223 |
Fig. 3 Surface roughness of biocrusts and bare soil under dry and wet conditions on Loess Plateau. A, Aeolian sand soil. B, Loess soil. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different biocrust types under the same soil types and soil water conditions (p < 0.05), different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between dry and wet conditions under the same soil types and biocrust types (p < 0.05).
Fig. 4 Surface roughness of biocrusts and uncrusts on different soil types on Loess Plateau. A, Dry. B, Wet. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different biocrust types under the same soil types and soil water conditions (p < 0.05), different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between aeolian sand and loess soil for the same soil water condition and biocrust types (p < 0.05).
因素 Factor | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 18.500** | 4.457* | 42.843** | 13.481** | 0.411 | 9.630** |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 95.716** | 76.847** | 171.471** | 89.321** | 30.763** | 127.516** |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 0.054 | 0.903 | 11.934** | 1.679 | 1.931 | 0.130 |
ST × BT | 8.608** | 0.279 | 36.099** | 2.487 | 1.106 | 2.661 |
ST × SWC | 0.216 | 0.546 | 2.678 | 0.187 | 4.571* | 0.047 |
BT × SWC | 0.095 | 0.033 | 16.099** | 0.796 | 0.500 | 2.505 |
ST × BT × SWC | 0.257 | 0.145 | 2.777 | 1.402 | 0.260 | 0.109 |
Table 4 Effects of soil types, biocrust types, soil water conditions and their interaction on displacement ratio of shrub and grass seeds on Loess Plateau (F value)
因素 Factor | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 18.500** | 4.457* | 42.843** | 13.481** | 0.411 | 9.630** |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 95.716** | 76.847** | 171.471** | 89.321** | 30.763** | 127.516** |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 0.054 | 0.903 | 11.934** | 1.679 | 1.931 | 0.130 |
ST × BT | 8.608** | 0.279 | 36.099** | 2.487 | 1.106 | 2.661 |
ST × SWC | 0.216 | 0.546 | 2.678 | 0.187 | 4.571* | 0.047 |
BT × SWC | 0.095 | 0.033 | 16.099** | 0.796 | 0.500 | 2.505 |
ST × BT × SWC | 0.257 | 0.145 | 2.777 | 1.402 | 0.260 | 0.109 |
水分条件 Soil water condition | 土壤类型 Soil type | 结皮类型 Biocrust type | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa | 总体 Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
干燥 Dry | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 96.7 ± 2.9Aa | 99.4 ± 0.5Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 6.7 ± 7.6Ab | 38.3 ± 10.4Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 11.7 ± 10.4Ab | 63.3 ± 16.1Ab | 16.7 ± 2.9Ab | 23.1 ± 1.9Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 25.0 ± 21.8Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 25.0 ± 30.4Ab | 43.3 ± 14.4Ab | 20.0 ± 17.3Ab | 19.4 ± 13.6Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 50.0 ± 42.7Aa | 91.7 ± 14.4Aa | 58.3 ± 27.5Aa | 76.7 ± 36.2Aa | 98.3 ± 2.9Aa | 70.0 ± 26.5Aa | 74.2 ± 23.5Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 3.3 ± 5.8Ab | 26.7 ± 12.6Ab | 0Ab | 6.7 ± 2.9Ab | 66.7 ± 27.5Aa | 10.0 ± 5.0Ab | 18.9 ± 7.3Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Ab | 23.3 ± 20.2Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 2.9Ab | 65.0 ± 17.3Aa | 15.0 ± 10.0Ab | 17.8 ± 3.8Ab | ||
湿润 Wet | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 96.7 ± 5.8Aa | 96.7 ± 2.9Aa | 80.0 ± 5.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 91.7 ± 7.6Aa | 94.2 ± 1.7Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 16.7 ± 12.6Ab | 38.3 ± 34.0Ab | 6.7 ± 11.5Ab | 18.3 ± 12.6Ab | 75.0 ± 8.7Ab | 31.7 ± 7.6Ab | 31.1 ± 10.4Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 5.0 ± 5.0Ab | 25.0 ± 15.0Ab | 0Ab | 5.0 ± 5.0Ab | 43.3 ± 16.1Ac | 11.7 ± 5.8Ac | 15.0 ± 6.3Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 50.0 ± 18.0Ba | 88.3 ± 10.4Aa | 8.3 ± 7.6Ba | 53.3 ± 17.6Ba | 86.7 ± 2.9Ba | 70.0 ± 8.7Ba | 59.4 ± 8.3Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Ab | 16.7 ± 5.8Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 5.0 ± 0.0Ab | 51.7 ± 28.4Aab | 21.7 ± 12.6Ab | 16.1 ± 8.0Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Ab | 10.0 ± 10.0Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 36.7 ± 15.3Ab | 10.0 ± 8.7Ab | 10.0 ± 4.6Ab |
Table 5 Displacement ratio of shrub and grass seeds on biocrusts and bare soil under different soil water conditions and soil types on Loess Plateau (%) (mean ± SD)
水分条件 Soil water condition | 土壤类型 Soil type | 结皮类型 Biocrust type | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa | 总体 Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
干燥 Dry | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 96.7 ± 2.9Aa | 99.4 ± 0.5Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 6.7 ± 7.6Ab | 38.3 ± 10.4Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 11.7 ± 10.4Ab | 63.3 ± 16.1Ab | 16.7 ± 2.9Ab | 23.1 ± 1.9Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 25.0 ± 21.8Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 25.0 ± 30.4Ab | 43.3 ± 14.4Ab | 20.0 ± 17.3Ab | 19.4 ± 13.6Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 50.0 ± 42.7Aa | 91.7 ± 14.4Aa | 58.3 ± 27.5Aa | 76.7 ± 36.2Aa | 98.3 ± 2.9Aa | 70.0 ± 26.5Aa | 74.2 ± 23.5Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 3.3 ± 5.8Ab | 26.7 ± 12.6Ab | 0Ab | 6.7 ± 2.9Ab | 66.7 ± 27.5Aa | 10.0 ± 5.0Ab | 18.9 ± 7.3Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Ab | 23.3 ± 20.2Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 2.9Ab | 65.0 ± 17.3Aa | 15.0 ± 10.0Ab | 17.8 ± 3.8Ab | ||
湿润 Wet | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 96.7 ± 5.8Aa | 96.7 ± 2.9Aa | 80.0 ± 5.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 100.0Aa | 91.7 ± 7.6Aa | 94.2 ± 1.7Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 16.7 ± 12.6Ab | 38.3 ± 34.0Ab | 6.7 ± 11.5Ab | 18.3 ± 12.6Ab | 75.0 ± 8.7Ab | 31.7 ± 7.6Ab | 31.1 ± 10.4Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 5.0 ± 5.0Ab | 25.0 ± 15.0Ab | 0Ab | 5.0 ± 5.0Ab | 43.3 ± 16.1Ac | 11.7 ± 5.8Ac | 15.0 ± 6.3Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 50.0 ± 18.0Ba | 88.3 ± 10.4Aa | 8.3 ± 7.6Ba | 53.3 ± 17.6Ba | 86.7 ± 2.9Ba | 70.0 ± 8.7Ba | 59.4 ± 8.3Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Ab | 16.7 ± 5.8Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 5.0 ± 0.0Ab | 51.7 ± 28.4Aab | 21.7 ± 12.6Ab | 16.1 ± 8.0Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Ab | 10.0 ± 10.0Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 36.7 ± 15.3Ab | 10.0 ± 8.7Ab | 10.0 ± 4.6Ab |
因素 Factor | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 1.000 | 19.973** | 26.694** | 69.015** | 29.070** | 13.255** |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 1.000 | 29.836** | 51.361** | 147.776** | 19.086** | 18.618** |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 1.000 | 0.247 | 2.250 | 0.537 | 0.070 | 1.473 |
ST × BT | 1.000 | 17.836** | 26.694** | 49.358** | 18.102** | 13.309** |
ST × SWC | 1.000 | 0.110 | 0.028 | 0.239 | 0.195 | 0.018 |
BT × SWC | 1.000 | 0.082 | 2.250 | 0.313 | 0.445 | 0.655 |
ST × BT × SWC | 1.000 | 0.110 | 0.028 | 0.104 | 1.367 | 0.073 |
Table 6 Effects of soil types, biocrust types, soil water conditions and their interaction on loss ratio of shrub and grass seeds on Loess Plateau (F value)
因素 Factor | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 1.000 | 19.973** | 26.694** | 69.015** | 29.070** | 13.255** |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 1.000 | 29.836** | 51.361** | 147.776** | 19.086** | 18.618** |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 1.000 | 0.247 | 2.250 | 0.537 | 0.070 | 1.473 |
ST × BT | 1.000 | 17.836** | 26.694** | 49.358** | 18.102** | 13.309** |
ST × SWC | 1.000 | 0.110 | 0.028 | 0.239 | 0.195 | 0.018 |
BT × SWC | 1.000 | 0.082 | 2.250 | 0.313 | 0.445 | 0.655 |
ST × BT × SWC | 1.000 | 0.110 | 0.028 | 0.104 | 1.367 | 0.073 |
水分条件 Soil water condition | 土壤类型 Soil type | 结皮类型 Biocrust type | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa | 总体 Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
干燥 Dry | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 50.0 ± 18.0Aa | 35.0 ± 13.2Aa | 65.0 ± 13.2Aa | 51.7 ± 22.5Aa | 21.7 ± 11.5Aa | 37.2 ± 4.6Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 5.8Ab | 6.7 ± 7.6Ab | 0Ab | 1.9 ± 2.7Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Aa | 0Ab | 0Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 0Ab | 0.3 ± 0.5Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 3.3 ± 2.9Ba | 8.3 ± 7.6Ba | 16.7 ± 10.4Ba | 0Ba | 0Ba | 4.7 ± 3.5Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 5.8Aa | 0Aa | 0.6 ± 1.0Aa | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | ||
湿润 Wet | 风沙土 Aeolian sand | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 50.0 ± 27.8Aa | 26.7 ± 7.6Aa | 71.7 ± 5.8Aa | 38.3 ± 17.6Aa | 28.3 ± 15.3Aa | 35.8 ± 5.8Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 5.8Ab | 11.7 ± 10.4Ab | 0Ab | 2.8 ± 1.0Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 2.9Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 1.7 ± 2.2Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 10.0 ± 8.7Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ba | 18.3 ± 12.6Ba | 3.3 ± 5.8Ba | 5.0 ± 8.7Aa | 6.4 ± 5.3Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 0.3 ± 0.5Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 0Aa | 0.6 ± 1.0Ab |
Table 7 Loss ratio of shrub and grass seeds on biocrusts and bare soil under different soil water conditions and soil types on Loess Plateau (%) (mean ± SD)
水分条件 Soil water condition | 土壤类型 Soil type | 结皮类型 Biocrust type | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa | 总体 Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
干燥 Dry | 风沙土 Aeolian sand soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 50.0 ± 18.0Aa | 35.0 ± 13.2Aa | 65.0 ± 13.2Aa | 51.7 ± 22.5Aa | 21.7 ± 11.5Aa | 37.2 ± 4.6Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 5.8Ab | 6.7 ± 7.6Ab | 0Ab | 1.9 ± 2.7Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Aa | 0Ab | 0Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 0Ab | 0.3 ± 0.5Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 3.3 ± 2.9Ba | 8.3 ± 7.6Ba | 16.7 ± 10.4Ba | 0Ba | 0Ba | 4.7 ± 3.5Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 5.8Aa | 0Aa | 0.6 ± 1.0Aa | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | ||
湿润 Wet | 风沙土 Aeolian sand | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 50.0 ± 27.8Aa | 26.7 ± 7.6Aa | 71.7 ± 5.8Aa | 38.3 ± 17.6Aa | 28.3 ± 15.3Aa | 35.8 ± 5.8Aa |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 5.8Ab | 11.7 ± 10.4Ab | 0Ab | 2.8 ± 1.0Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 0Ab | 3.3 ± 2.9Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Ab | 1.7 ± 2.2Ab | ||
黄绵土 Loess soil | 无结皮 Bare soil | 0Aa | 10.0 ± 8.7Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Ba | 18.3 ± 12.6Ba | 3.3 ± 5.8Ba | 5.0 ± 8.7Aa | 6.4 ± 5.3Ba | |
藻结皮 Cyano crusts | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 0.3 ± 0.5Ab | ||
藓结皮 Moss crusts | 0Aa | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 0Aa | 0Ab | 1.7 ± 2.9Aa | 0Aa | 0.6 ± 1.0Ab |
因素 Factor | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 5.605* | 2.770 | 8.282** | 4.780** | 10.118** | 10.118** |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 2.984 | 13.812** | 39.594** | 11.290** | 25.995** | 25.995** |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 0.699 | 0.073 | 0.053 | 0.454 | 0.021 | 0.021 |
ST × BT | 1.228 | 1.743 | 7.767** | 0.986 | 7.737** | 7.737** |
ST × SWC | 0.867 | 0.429 | 0.009 | 3.985 | 1.565 | 1.565 |
BT × SWC | 1.082 | 0.093 | 0.096 | 0.204 | 0.752 | 0.752 |
ST × BT × SWC | 0.971 | 1.318 | 0.011 | 2.704 | 0.979 | 0.979 |
Table 8 Effects of soil types, biocrust types, soil water conditions and their interaction on displacement distance of shrub and grass seeds on Loess Plateau (F value)
因素 Factor | 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii | 细枝岩黄耆 Hedysarum scoparium | 黑沙蒿 Artemisia ordosica | 狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum | 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤类型 Soil type (ST) | 5.605* | 2.770 | 8.282** | 4.780** | 10.118** | 10.118** |
结皮类型 Biocrust type (BT) | 2.984 | 13.812** | 39.594** | 11.290** | 25.995** | 25.995** |
水分条件 Soil water condition (SWC) | 0.699 | 0.073 | 0.053 | 0.454 | 0.021 | 0.021 |
ST × BT | 1.228 | 1.743 | 7.767** | 0.986 | 7.737** | 7.737** |
ST × SWC | 0.867 | 0.429 | 0.009 | 3.985 | 1.565 | 1.565 |
BT × SWC | 1.082 | 0.093 | 0.096 | 0.204 | 0.752 | 0.752 |
ST × BT × SWC | 0.971 | 1.318 | 0.011 | 2.704 | 0.979 | 0.979 |
Fig. 5 Displacement distance of shrub and grass seeds on biocrusts of aeolian sand soil and loess soil on the Loess Plateau (mean ± SD). A, Dry. B, Wet. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different biocrust types under the same soil types and soil water conditions (p < 0.05), different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between aeolian sand and loess soil for the same soil water condition and biocrust types (p < 0.05).
种子扩散特征 Seed dispersal characteristic | 地表粗糙度 Surface roughness (%) | 土壤含水量 Soil moisture (%) | 质量 Mass (mg) | 长 Length (mm) | 宽 Width (mm) | 高 Height (mm) | 表面积 Area (mm2) | 体积 Volume (mm3) | 密度 Density (mg·mm-3) | 平面度 Flatness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
种子移位率 SDR (%) | -0.689** | -0.422* | 0.657 | 0.714 | 0.600 | 0.771 | 0.657 | 0.657 | -0.600 | -0.395 |
种子损失率 SLR (%) | -0.643** | -0.395* | -0.200 | -0.314 | 0.314 | 0.257 | -0.200 | -0.200 | -0.829* | -0.516 |
种子扩散距离 SDD (cm) | -0.699** | -0.283 | 0.029 | 0.086 | 0.314 | 0.371 | 0.029 | 0.029 | -0.886* | -0.334 |
Table 9 Correlations between seed dispersal characteristics and surface roughness, soil moisture, and seed morphology characteristics on Loess Plateau
种子扩散特征 Seed dispersal characteristic | 地表粗糙度 Surface roughness (%) | 土壤含水量 Soil moisture (%) | 质量 Mass (mg) | 长 Length (mm) | 宽 Width (mm) | 高 Height (mm) | 表面积 Area (mm2) | 体积 Volume (mm3) | 密度 Density (mg·mm-3) | 平面度 Flatness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
种子移位率 SDR (%) | -0.689** | -0.422* | 0.657 | 0.714 | 0.600 | 0.771 | 0.657 | 0.657 | -0.600 | -0.395 |
种子损失率 SLR (%) | -0.643** | -0.395* | -0.200 | -0.314 | 0.314 | 0.257 | -0.200 | -0.200 | -0.829* | -0.516 |
种子扩散距离 SDD (cm) | -0.699** | -0.283 | 0.029 | 0.086 | 0.314 | 0.371 | 0.029 | 0.029 | -0.886* | -0.334 |
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