Plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-bacteria continuum and its maintenance mechanisms

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0239

Abstract

Abstract:

Mycorrhizal fungi are crucial components of plant rhizosphere microbiota and key players in terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can form symbiotic relationships with more than 70% of terrestrial plants and their origin can be traced back to the Devonian period, 460 million years ago. They played an important role in the transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environments and continue to profoundly affect the growth performance of plants and their ecosystem functions. In the peri-arbuscular space of AM symbiosis, plants provide carbon fixed by photosynthesis in exchange for mineral nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen. In the hyphosphere, many bacteria are involved in the establishment of AM symbiosis. These bacteria obtain carbon from extraradical hyphal exudates and mineralizing organic compounds to enhance the availability of mineral nutrients for the fungi. Therefore, plants, AM fungi and hyphospheric bacteria form a continuum and are accompanied by top-down carbon flows and bottom-up nutrient flows. In this review, we first introduce the latest research on how plants, AM fungi and the related hyphospheric bacteria exchange carbon from host plants and mineral nutrients from the soil. These exchanges provide energy for microbial partners and deliver nutrients for plants that are necessary for growth and development. Secondly, we analyze in detail the mechanism by which the plant-AM fungi-bacterial continuum maintains cross-kingdom cooperation, which is conducive to a better understanding of the complex ecological relationships between plants, AM fungi and soil bacteria. This provides information on their evolutionary significance and a theoretical basis and technical pathway for sustainable agriculture grounded in plant-microbe interactions.

Key words: plant, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, hyphospheric bacteria, carbon flow, nutrient flow, cross-kingdom cooperation

DUAN Shi-Long, YU Cheng-Jin, XU Xin-Yao, FENG Gu, XIE Xian-An, ZHANG Lin. Plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-bacteria continuum and its maintenance mechanisms[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(3): 600-611.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0239

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2026/V50/I3/600

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1 An overview of the plant-AM fungus-bacterium continuum and the peri-arbuscular space and hyphosphere involved in carbon and nutrient exchange.

Fig. 2 Carbon and mineral nutrient flows in the plant-AM fungus-bacterium continuum. The following transporters and enzymes participate in the transport of C and nutrients in the continuum: amino acid transporters (AAP1 and AAPs), ATP-binding cassette G-type transporter (ABCG), ammonium transporters (AMT1, AMT3, AMT2;2, AMT2;4 and AMT3;1), H+-ATPases (HA1 and HA8), invertase (INV), monosaccharide transporter MST2, nitrate transporters (NT and NPF4.5), SYG1-Pho81-XPR1 domain-containing phosphate transporters (PHO1 and PHO91), AM fungal exopolyphosphatases (PPX1 and PPN1), phosphate transporters (PT, PT1, PT4, PT7 and PT11), short peptide transporters (PTR2 and NPFs), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (RAM2), heterodimeric half-size ABCG transporters (STR and STR2), reversible sucrose synthase (Sus), sucrose uptake transporter (SUT), sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEET and SWEET1b), vacuolar transporter chaperon (VTC) complex (VTC1, VTC2 and VTC4). The solid line represents the currently identified metabolic pathway, and the dotted line needs further verification. Transporters marked with question marks have not been functionally verified, and unmarked transporters are unknown.

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of direct and indirect reciprocity between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria in the soil. C, carbon; P, phosphorus.

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