Growth-promoting effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi combined with different functional bacteria on Medicago sativa

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0388

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The semi-arid coal mining area of Ordos has long faced challenges such as poor soil fertility and difficulties in plant establishment. Microorganisms and plants are closely interconnected components of ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form mutualistic symbioses with plants and promote nutrient cycling within soil ecosystems. However, studies investigating the combined effects of AMF and different functional bacteria on soil properties and herbaceous plant growth remain limited. In this study, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were combined with three functional bacteria in various inoculation treatments and applied to the roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The study evaluated their effects on improving the physicochemical properties of semi-arid soils in the Ordos coal mining area and their growth-promoting effects on plants.

Methods In this study, we combine arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with three functional bacteria in multiple combinations to inoculate the alfalfa roots, investigate their improvement effects on the physicochemical properties of semi-arid soils in Ordos coal mining area and the growth-promoting effects on plants in the region.

Important findings Our results reveal that, compared with only growing alfalfa, the AMF + Rhizobium + Bacillus megaterium (ARB) system significantly enhanced the nutrient levels in the soil of alfalfa roots. Contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorous increased by 93.7%, 117.6% and 215.6%, respectively. This treatment also enhanced the stress resistance of plants and promotes its growth. The AMF infection rate in alfalfa roots increased by 76.9%, the primary roots increased by 53.2, the lateral root length increased by 8 cm, and the aboveground biomass of alfalfa increased by 168.0%. High-throughput sequencing results showed that in the ARB treatment, the relative abundances of the genera such as Sphingomonas, and Arthrobacterincreased, becoming dominant genera. These findings provide a scientific basis for addressing soil infertility and difficulties in plant establishment challenges in semi-arid mining areas.

Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, bacterial-fungal combination, plant growth promotion, soil microbial remediation, Medicago sativa

JIANG Qing-Hong, DING Lu, WANG Zhe, ZHENG Chun-Li, FENG Zhao-Chuo. Growth-promoting effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi combined with different functional bacteria on Medicago sativa[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2026, 50(3): 774-788.

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References 60

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处理 Treatment	pH	电导率 Electrical conductivity (ms·cm^-1)	有机质含量 Organic matter content (%)	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	铵态氮含量 Ammonium nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)
CK1	9.09 ± 0.05^a	0.11 ± 0.01ⁱ	1.03 ± 0.01^j	0.09 ± 0.01ⁱ	1.23 ± 0.15ⁱ	0.78 ± 0.03^h	175 ± 2.3^g
CK2	8.77 ± 0.07^b	0.22 ± 0.02^h	1.43 ± 0.04ⁱ	0.17 ± 0.01^h	2.30 ± 0.36^h	0.83 ± 0.12^gh	225 ± 2.9^f
A	8.35 ± 0.04^de	0.39 ± 0.02^ef	2.17 ± 0.03^d	0.29 ± 0.01^cde	2.68 ± 0.25^fgh	1.09 ± 0.06^fgh	266 ± 3.3^bc
R	8.55 ± 0.02^c	0.30 ± 0.01^g	1.75 ± 0.06^g	0.27 ± 0.02^de	2.66 ± 0.27^fgh	1.17 ± 0.15^efgh	243 ± 2.8^e
AR	8.25 ± 0.06^ef	0.39 ± 0.03^ef	2.37 ± 0.04^c	0.29 ± 0.01^cde	3.00 ± 0.16^defgh	1.69 ± 0.13^bcd	257 ± 2.1^cd
K	8.60 ± 0.08^c	0.31 ± 0.01^g	1.63 ± 0.05^h	0.20 ± 0.01^gh	3.84 ± 0.27^bcde	1.15 ± 0.12^efgh	235 ± 4.6^ef
AK	8.37 ± 0.07^de	0.35 ± 0.02^fg	1.89 ± 0.01^e	0.25 ± 0.02^ef	4.01 ± 0.43^bcd	1.27 ± 0.11^defg	245 ± 7.7^de
B	8.57 ± 0.03^c	0.32 ± 0.04^g	1.78 ± 0.07^fg	0.20 ± 0.01^gh	2.57 ± 0.44^fgh	1.43 ± 0.14^cdef	230 ± 6.5^ef
AB	8.30 ± 0.08^e	0.48 ± 0.02^cd	1.87 ± 0.05^ef	0.22 ± 0.01^fg	3.41 ± 0.24^cdefgh	1.56 ± 0.15^cde	231 ± 7.2^ef
RK	8.35 ± 0.04^de	0.42 ± 0.01^de	1.89 ± 0.04^e	0.20 ± 0.01^gh	2.77 ± 0.65^efgh	1.53 ± 0.12^cdef	236 ± 8.8^ef
ARK	8.10 ± 0.02^g	0.51 ± 0.02^bc	2.57 ± 0.03^b	0.34 ± 0.02^abc	3.67 ± 0.16^bcdef	1.66 ± 0.13^bcd	272 ± 6.9^b
RB	8.37 ± 0.03^de	0.42 ± 0.03^de	1.72 ± 0.02^gh	0.31 ± 0.03^bcd	2.45 ± 0.78^gh	2.02 ± 0.16^b	234 ± 4.7^ef
ARB	8.15 ± 0.05^fg	0.48 ± 0.04^cd	2.77 ± 0.02^a	0.37 ± 0.01^a	4.59 ± 0.52^ab	2.62 ± 0.25^a	293 ± 3.9^a
BK	8.57 ± 0.04^c	0.43 ± 0.01^de	1.69 ± 0.04^gh	0.31 ± 0.04^bcd	3.13 ± 0.53^cdefgh	1.23 ± 0.28^defgh	292 ± 4.8^a
ABK	8.48 ± 0.07^cd	0.53 ± 0.05^bc	2.56 ± 0.03^b	0.35 ± 0.01^ab	3.54 ± 0.44^bcdefg	1.84 ± 0.26^bc	294 ± 6.8^a
RBK	8.59 ± 0.09^c	0.57 ± 0.01^ab	1.87 ± 0.06^ef	0.30 ± 0.01^bcd	4.17 ± 0.15^abc	1.68 ± 0.25^bcd	234 ± 4.6^ef
ARBK	8.23 ± 0.07^efg	0.61 ± 0.01^a	2.55 ± 0.04^b	0.32 ± 0.03^bcd	5.06 ± 0.28^a	1.90 ± 0.13^bc	276 ± 3.7^b

处理 Treatment	pH	电导率 Electrical conductivity (ms·cm^-1)	有机质含量 Organic matter content (%)	全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg^-1)	铵态氮含量 Ammonium nitrogen content (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量 Available potassium content (mg·kg^-1)
CK1	9.09 ± 0.05^a	0.11 ± 0.01ⁱ	1.03 ± 0.01^j	0.09 ± 0.01ⁱ	1.23 ± 0.15ⁱ	0.78 ± 0.03^h	175 ± 2.3^g
CK2	8.77 ± 0.07^b	0.22 ± 0.02^h	1.43 ± 0.04ⁱ	0.17 ± 0.01^h	2.30 ± 0.36^h	0.83 ± 0.12^gh	225 ± 2.9^f
A	8.35 ± 0.04^de	0.39 ± 0.02^ef	2.17 ± 0.03^d	0.29 ± 0.01^cde	2.68 ± 0.25^fgh	1.09 ± 0.06^fgh	266 ± 3.3^bc
R	8.55 ± 0.02^c	0.30 ± 0.01^g	1.75 ± 0.06^g	0.27 ± 0.02^de	2.66 ± 0.27^fgh	1.17 ± 0.15^efgh	243 ± 2.8^e
AR	8.25 ± 0.06^ef	0.39 ± 0.03^ef	2.37 ± 0.04^c	0.29 ± 0.01^cde	3.00 ± 0.16^defgh	1.69 ± 0.13^bcd	257 ± 2.1^cd
K	8.60 ± 0.08^c	0.31 ± 0.01^g	1.63 ± 0.05^h	0.20 ± 0.01^gh	3.84 ± 0.27^bcde	1.15 ± 0.12^efgh	235 ± 4.6^ef
AK	8.37 ± 0.07^de	0.35 ± 0.02^fg	1.89 ± 0.01^e	0.25 ± 0.02^ef	4.01 ± 0.43^bcd	1.27 ± 0.11^defg	245 ± 7.7^de
B	8.57 ± 0.03^c	0.32 ± 0.04^g	1.78 ± 0.07^fg	0.20 ± 0.01^gh	2.57 ± 0.44^fgh	1.43 ± 0.14^cdef	230 ± 6.5^ef
AB	8.30 ± 0.08^e	0.48 ± 0.02^cd	1.87 ± 0.05^ef	0.22 ± 0.01^fg	3.41 ± 0.24^cdefgh	1.56 ± 0.15^cde	231 ± 7.2^ef
RK	8.35 ± 0.04^de	0.42 ± 0.01^de	1.89 ± 0.04^e	0.20 ± 0.01^gh	2.77 ± 0.65^efgh	1.53 ± 0.12^cdef	236 ± 8.8^ef
ARK	8.10 ± 0.02^g	0.51 ± 0.02^bc	2.57 ± 0.03^b	0.34 ± 0.02^abc	3.67 ± 0.16^bcdef	1.66 ± 0.13^bcd	272 ± 6.9^b
RB	8.37 ± 0.03^de	0.42 ± 0.03^de	1.72 ± 0.02^gh	0.31 ± 0.03^bcd	2.45 ± 0.78^gh	2.02 ± 0.16^b	234 ± 4.7^ef
ARB	8.15 ± 0.05^fg	0.48 ± 0.04^cd	2.77 ± 0.02^a	0.37 ± 0.01^a	4.59 ± 0.52^ab	2.62 ± 0.25^a	293 ± 3.9^a
BK	8.57 ± 0.04^c	0.43 ± 0.01^de	1.69 ± 0.04^gh	0.31 ± 0.04^bcd	3.13 ± 0.53^cdefgh	1.23 ± 0.28^defgh	292 ± 4.8^a
ABK	8.48 ± 0.07^cd	0.53 ± 0.05^bc	2.56 ± 0.03^b	0.35 ± 0.01^ab	3.54 ± 0.44^bcdefg	1.84 ± 0.26^bc	294 ± 6.8^a
RBK	8.59 ± 0.09^c	0.57 ± 0.01^ab	1.87 ± 0.06^ef	0.30 ± 0.01^bcd	4.17 ± 0.15^abc	1.68 ± 0.25^bcd	234 ± 4.6^ef
ARBK	8.23 ± 0.07^efg	0.61 ± 0.01^a	2.55 ± 0.04^b	0.32 ± 0.03^bcd	5.06 ± 0.28^a	1.90 ± 0.13^bc	276 ± 3.7^b

处理 Treatment	根系侵染率 Root infection rate (%)	一级新根数 First-level new root (条)	侧根长 Lateral root length (cm)	根系可溶性蛋白含量 Root soluble proteins content (mg·g^-1)
CK2	1.36 ± 1.23^f	68.36 ± 13.22^bc	8.9 ± 2.33^b	2.86 ± 1.56^ns
A	51.38 ± 2.32^e	98.56 ± 12.32^abc	12.4 ± 3.23^ab	3.12 ± 1.36^ns
R	2.35 ± 1.21^f	78.69 ± 21.63^abc	10.4 ± 3.13^ab	3.66 ± 1.26^ns
AR	63.25 ± 2.33^c	112.38 ± 11.55^abc	14.3 ± 3.33^ab	4.13 ± 1.54^ns
K	1.35 ± 1.22^f	72.36 ± 12.46^abc	9.3 ± 3.23^ab	3.32 ± 1.36^ns
AK	55.78 ± 1.31^d	102.36 ± 13.83^abc	11.3 ± 2.13^ab	4.32 ± 1.52^ns
B	3.65 ± 2.22^f	66.75 ± 23.55^bc	8.3 ± 2.21^b	3.65 ± 1.23^ns
AB	58.93 ± 2.13^d	98.32 ± 12.21^abc	13.3 ± 2.33^ab	4.12 ± 1.21^ns
RK	2.35 ± 2.46^f	64.36 ± 22.32^c	10.3 ± 1.26^ab	3.65 ± 1.65^ns
ARK	72.35 ± 1.55^b	118.36 ± 13.23^ab	15.2 ± 1.15^ab	4.93 ± 1.63^ns
RB	1.36 ± 0.66^f	71.23 ± 22.12^abc	9.8 ± 2.34^ab	3.23 ± 1.54^ns
ARB	78.23 ± 1.33^a	121.56 ± 11.25^a	16.9 ± 3.28^a	3.65 ± 1.23^ns
BK	2.36 ± 1.23^f	75.36 ± 22.36^abc	8.1 ± 2.59^b	2.95 ± 1.25^ns
ABK	61.32 ± 1.12^c	103.56 ± 23.25^abc	12.3 ± 3.36^ab	3.65 ± 1.12^ns
RBK	3.65 ± 2.22^f	74.25 ± 22.12^abc	9.8 ± 1.65^ab	3.26 ± 1.12^ns
ARBK	68.32 ± 2.31^b	109.63 ± 11.33^abc	14.3 ± 3.32^ab	3.99 ± 1.32^ns

处理 Treatment	根系侵染率 Root infection rate (%)	一级新根数 First-level new root (条)	侧根长 Lateral root length (cm)	根系可溶性蛋白含量 Root soluble proteins content (mg·g^-1)
CK2	1.36 ± 1.23^f	68.36 ± 13.22^bc	8.9 ± 2.33^b	2.86 ± 1.56^ns
A	51.38 ± 2.32^e	98.56 ± 12.32^abc	12.4 ± 3.23^ab	3.12 ± 1.36^ns
R	2.35 ± 1.21^f	78.69 ± 21.63^abc	10.4 ± 3.13^ab	3.66 ± 1.26^ns
AR	63.25 ± 2.33^c	112.38 ± 11.55^abc	14.3 ± 3.33^ab	4.13 ± 1.54^ns
K	1.35 ± 1.22^f	72.36 ± 12.46^abc	9.3 ± 3.23^ab	3.32 ± 1.36^ns
AK	55.78 ± 1.31^d	102.36 ± 13.83^abc	11.3 ± 2.13^ab	4.32 ± 1.52^ns
B	3.65 ± 2.22^f	66.75 ± 23.55^bc	8.3 ± 2.21^b	3.65 ± 1.23^ns
AB	58.93 ± 2.13^d	98.32 ± 12.21^abc	13.3 ± 2.33^ab	4.12 ± 1.21^ns
RK	2.35 ± 2.46^f	64.36 ± 22.32^c	10.3 ± 1.26^ab	3.65 ± 1.65^ns
ARK	72.35 ± 1.55^b	118.36 ± 13.23^ab	15.2 ± 1.15^ab	4.93 ± 1.63^ns
RB	1.36 ± 0.66^f	71.23 ± 22.12^abc	9.8 ± 2.34^ab	3.23 ± 1.54^ns
ARB	78.23 ± 1.33^a	121.56 ± 11.25^a	16.9 ± 3.28^a	3.65 ± 1.23^ns
BK	2.36 ± 1.23^f	75.36 ± 22.36^abc	8.1 ± 2.59^b	2.95 ± 1.25^ns
ABK	61.32 ± 1.12^c	103.56 ± 23.25^abc	12.3 ± 3.36^ab	3.65 ± 1.12^ns
RBK	3.65 ± 2.22^f	74.25 ± 22.12^abc	9.8 ± 1.65^ab	3.26 ± 1.12^ns
ARBK	68.32 ± 2.31^b	109.63 ± 11.33^abc	14.3 ± 3.32^ab	3.99 ± 1.32^ns