植物生态学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (12): 1245-1256.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0389
李芳1,2, 赵文智2,*
出版日期:
2016-12-10
发布日期:
2016-12-30
通讯作者:
赵文智
基金资助:
Fang LI1,2, Wen-Zhi ZHAO2,*
Online:
2016-12-10
Published:
2016-12-30
Contact:
Wen-Zhi ZHAO
摘要:
降水是荒漠生态系统主要的水分来源, 是植被结构和功能变化的根本驱动力。该研究以黑河中游砾质荒漠(砾漠)和沙质荒漠(沙漠)为研究对象, 基于2000-2012年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据以及日降水数据, 运用多元线性回归法, 分析了砾漠和沙漠植被生长季(5-9月)、生长季早期(5-6月)和晚期(7-9月)累积NDVI (NDVIINT, INT表示某时间段的累积值)对冷季降水(Pc, 前一年9月至当年2月累积降水)、暖季降水(Pw, 当年3月至8月累积降水)、前一年生长季NDVIINT (NDVIINT-pys)以及干湿气候期(干旱期: 2001-2003; 湿润期: 2004-2007年)的响应。研究结果表明: (1)砾漠植被生长季NDVIINT年际变化的影响因素排序为NDVIINT-pys > Pc > Pw, 沙漠植被NDVIINT则为Pw > NDVIINT-pys; 砾漠生长季NDVIINT早期NDVIINT年际变化的影响因素排序为NDVIINT-pys > Pc, 晚期则为NDVIINT-pys > Pc = Pw; 而沙漠生长季早期NDVIINT年际变化的影响因素为NDVIINT-pys, 晚期是Pw。(2)在干湿气候期内, 降水量并非是影响荒漠NDVIINT变化的关键因子。干湿气候期交替时, 砾漠NDVIINT较沙漠增加明显; 湿润期内, 湿润期持续的长短是影响两种生境植被NDVIINT的关键因子, 以沙漠较为明显。黑河中游砾漠和沙漠植被生产力对冷暖季降水及干湿气候期响应具有明显的差异, 但总体显示出荒漠植被生产力对降水响应具有滞后性特征。以上结论可为揭示荒漠植被生产力对降水的响应机理提供参考。
李芳, 赵文智. 黑河中游荒漠生态系统归一化植被指数对降水的响应. 植物生态学报, 2016, 40(12): 1245-1256. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0389
Fang LI, Wen-Zhi ZHAO. Changes in normalized difference vegetation index of deserts and dunes with precipitation in the middle Heihe River Basin. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 40(12): 1245-1256. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0389
特征 Characteristics | 沙质荒漠 Dune | 砾质荒漠 Desert | |
---|---|---|---|
植被特征 Vegetation properties | 灌木盖度 Shrub cover (%) | 12.2 ± 2.8 | 11.2 ± 1.4 |
草本盖度 Grass cover (%) | 17.5 ± 2.1 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | |
植被高度 Vegetation height (cm) | 67 ± 23 | 19 ± 9 | |
归一化植被指数均值 Average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)1) | 0.132 ± 0.014 | 0.075 ± 0.008 | |
物种丰富度 Species richness | 18 | 11 | |
建群种 Dominant species | 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa, 沙拐枣 Calligonum mongolicum | 红砂 Reaumurta soongorica, 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa | |
土壤特征 Soil properties | 砂粒-粉粒-黏粒 Sandy-silt-clay (0-20 cm) (%) | 90-7-32) | 73-23-43) |
容重 Bulk density (0-20 cm) (g·m-3) | 1.57 ± 0.104) | 1.63 ± 0.193) | |
总孔隙度 Pore space (0-20 cm) (%) | >39 | 39 ± 73) | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (0-20 cm)(%) | 1.78 ± 0.46 | 2.10 ± 0.68 | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (20-40 cm)(%) | 2.09 ± 0.42 | 2.81 ± 0.62 | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (40-60 cm)(%) | 2.13 ± 0.60 | 2.27 ± 0.31 | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (60-180 cm)(%) | 2.02 ± 2.23 | 1.79 ± 0.33 |
表1 研究区沙质荒漠和砾质荒漠生境植被和土壤特征(平均值±标准误差)
Table 1 Vegetation and soil characteristics of desert and dune ecosystem located in study area (mean ± SE)
特征 Characteristics | 沙质荒漠 Dune | 砾质荒漠 Desert | |
---|---|---|---|
植被特征 Vegetation properties | 灌木盖度 Shrub cover (%) | 12.2 ± 2.8 | 11.2 ± 1.4 |
草本盖度 Grass cover (%) | 17.5 ± 2.1 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | |
植被高度 Vegetation height (cm) | 67 ± 23 | 19 ± 9 | |
归一化植被指数均值 Average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)1) | 0.132 ± 0.014 | 0.075 ± 0.008 | |
物种丰富度 Species richness | 18 | 11 | |
建群种 Dominant species | 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa, 沙拐枣 Calligonum mongolicum | 红砂 Reaumurta soongorica, 泡泡刺 Nitraria sphaerocarpa | |
土壤特征 Soil properties | 砂粒-粉粒-黏粒 Sandy-silt-clay (0-20 cm) (%) | 90-7-32) | 73-23-43) |
容重 Bulk density (0-20 cm) (g·m-3) | 1.57 ± 0.104) | 1.63 ± 0.193) | |
总孔隙度 Pore space (0-20 cm) (%) | >39 | 39 ± 73) | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (0-20 cm)(%) | 1.78 ± 0.46 | 2.10 ± 0.68 | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (20-40 cm)(%) | 2.09 ± 0.42 | 2.81 ± 0.62 | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (40-60 cm)(%) | 2.13 ± 0.60 | 2.27 ± 0.31 | |
土壤水分 Soil water content5) (60-180 cm)(%) | 2.02 ± 2.23 | 1.79 ± 0.33 |
年份 Years | 降水 Precipitation (mm) | 气候期 Climate period | 年份 Year | 降水 Precipitation (mm) | 气候期 Climate period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 75.8 | 非干旱或湿润期 No dry or wet period | 2008 | 111.6 | 非干旱或湿润期 No dry or wet period |
2000 | 118.4 | 2009 | 87.3 | ||
2001 | 55.7 | 干旱期 Dry period | 2010 | 143.5 | |
2002 | 106.4 | 2011 | 188.1 | ||
2003 | 62.5 | 2012 | 105.8 | ||
2004 | 134.3 | 湿润期 Wet period | 2013 | 113.2 | |
2005 | 116.2 | 平均值* | 109.7 | ||
2006 | 122.2 | Mean* | |||
2007 | 140.2 |
表2 沙质荒漠和砾质荒漠研究区干湿气候期划分
Table 2 Major characteristics of precipitation in the study area during the different hydrological years in the study basin
年份 Years | 降水 Precipitation (mm) | 气候期 Climate period | 年份 Year | 降水 Precipitation (mm) | 气候期 Climate period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 75.8 | 非干旱或湿润期 No dry or wet period | 2008 | 111.6 | 非干旱或湿润期 No dry or wet period |
2000 | 118.4 | 2009 | 87.3 | ||
2001 | 55.7 | 干旱期 Dry period | 2010 | 143.5 | |
2002 | 106.4 | 2011 | 188.1 | ||
2003 | 62.5 | 2012 | 105.8 | ||
2004 | 134.3 | 湿润期 Wet period | 2013 | 113.2 | |
2005 | 116.2 | 平均值* | 109.7 | ||
2006 | 122.2 | Mean* | |||
2007 | 140.2 |
图2 临泽降水特征。“a”表示1968-2000年降水数据; “b”为2001-2012年降水数据。
Fig. 2 Distribution of precipitation in Linze County. “a”, the precipitation data from 1968 to 2000; “b”, the precipitation data from 2001 to 2012.
降水 Precipitation | 因素 Factor | 自由度 df | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<5 mm降水 precipitation | 发生次数 Frequency | 季节 Season | 3 | 18.433 | <0.001 |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 6.223 | 0.014 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 3.206 | 0.025 | ||
降水量 Precipitation | 季节 Season | 3 | 30.218 | <0.001 | |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 3.305 | 0.071 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 2.950 | 0.034 | ||
>10 mm降水 precipitation | 发生次数 Frequency | 季节 Season | 3 | 27.355 | <0.001 |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 0.477 | 0.491 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 0.606 | 0.612 | ||
降水量 Precipitation | 季节 Season | 3 | 25.799 | <0.001 | |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 0.147 | 0.702 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 1.150 | 0.331 |
表3 小降水事件(<5 mm)和大降水事件(>10 mm)的发生次数和降水量在两个时间段(1968-2000和2001-2012)以及四季(春夏秋冬)的F值统计分析
Table 3 F-statistical analysis of frequency and precipitation of small (<5 mm) and large rainfall (>10 mm) events during 1968-2000 and 2001-2012 in different seasons (spring, summer, fall and winter)
降水 Precipitation | 因素 Factor | 自由度 df | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<5 mm降水 precipitation | 发生次数 Frequency | 季节 Season | 3 | 18.433 | <0.001 |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 6.223 | 0.014 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 3.206 | 0.025 | ||
降水量 Precipitation | 季节 Season | 3 | 30.218 | <0.001 | |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 3.305 | 0.071 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 2.950 | 0.034 | ||
>10 mm降水 precipitation | 发生次数 Frequency | 季节 Season | 3 | 27.355 | <0.001 |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 0.477 | 0.491 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 0.606 | 0.612 | ||
降水量 Precipitation | 季节 Season | 3 | 25.799 | <0.001 | |
时间段 Period of time | 1 | 0.147 | 0.702 | ||
季节×时间段 Season × Period of time | 3 | 1.150 | 0.331 |
图3 沙质荒漠和砾质荒漠累积归一化植被指数(NDVIINT)与干湿气候期降水量的关系。三角形、正方形和圆形分别表示干旱气候期、湿润气候期和非干旱或湿润期荒漠NDVIINT; R2、Rd2、Rw2和p、pd、pw分别表示的是干湿气候期(2001-2007)、干旱期(2001-2003)、湿润期(2004-2007)的调整后决定系数和显著性检验的概率值。
Fig. 3 Relationships between the growing season accumulated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIINT) (early growing season, late growing season) and precipitation during the wet and dry years in dune and desert ecosystems. Triangles, rectangles and circles indicated NDVIINT in dry years (2001-2003), wet years (2004-2007), and normal years (2000, 2008-2012), respectively. R2, Rd2, Rw2 and p, pd, pw indicated the adjusted coefficient of determination and the probability values of significance test at dry and wet climate period (2001-2007), dry years, wet years.
图5 沙质荒漠和砾质荒漠生境累积归一化植被指数(NDVIINT)在干湿气候期的变化。三角形、正方形和圆形分别表示干旱气候期(2001-2003)、湿润气候期(2004-2007)和非干旱或湿润期(2000, 2008-2012))荒漠NDVIINT; 二次函数的自变量(x)表示的是连续湿润的年数。
Fig. 5 Changes of accumulated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIINT) during the wet and dry years at dune and desert. Triangles, rectangles and circles indicated NDVIINT in dry years (2001-2003), wet years (2004-2007) and no-trend years (2000, 2008-2012), respectively. The number of consecutive wet years is indicated in the quadratic function of the independent variable (x).
研究区 Sites | 线性回归方程 Linear regression formula | R2 | r2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
生长季 Growing season | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 1.037 + 0.003xc + 0.003xw | R2 = 0.46* | rc2 = 0.29*; rw2 = 0.17* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 1.480 + 0.005xc + 0.007xw | R2 = 0.33* | rc2 = 0.03; rw2 = 0.29* | |
早期 Early | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.492 + 0.001xc + 0.001xs | R2 = 0.26* | rc2 = 0.23*; rs2 = 0.04 |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.734 + 0.001xc + 0.002xs | R2 = 0.08 | rc2 = 0.02; rs2 = 0.06 | |
晚期 Late | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.604 + 0.002xc + 0.002xw | R2 = 0.42* | rc2 = 0.22*; rw2 = 0.20* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.822 + 0.003xc + 0.002xw | R2 = 0.35* | rc2 = 0.01; rw2 = 0.34* |
表4 沙质荒漠和砾质荒漠生境天然植被生长季(5-9月)、早期(5-6月)和晚期(7-9月)累积归一化植被指数(NDVIINT)与冷暖季降水的线性回归
Table 4 Linear regression models for the relationships between the accumulated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIINT) of the entire- (May to September), early- (May to June), and late-growing-season (July to September) precipitation for different periods of the year at dunes and deserts
研究区 Sites | 线性回归方程 Linear regression formula | R2 | r2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
生长季 Growing season | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 1.037 + 0.003xc + 0.003xw | R2 = 0.46* | rc2 = 0.29*; rw2 = 0.17* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 1.480 + 0.005xc + 0.007xw | R2 = 0.33* | rc2 = 0.03; rw2 = 0.29* | |
早期 Early | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.492 + 0.001xc + 0.001xs | R2 = 0.26* | rc2 = 0.23*; rs2 = 0.04 |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.734 + 0.001xc + 0.002xs | R2 = 0.08 | rc2 = 0.02; rs2 = 0.06 | |
晚期 Late | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.604 + 0.002xc + 0.002xw | R2 = 0.42* | rc2 = 0.22*; rw2 = 0.20* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.822 + 0.003xc + 0.002xw | R2 = 0.35* | rc2 = 0.01; rw2 = 0.34* |
研究区 Sites | 线性回归方程 Linear regression formula | R2 | r2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
生长季 Growing season | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.384 + 0.003xh + 0.527pt-1 | R2 = 0.73* | rh2 = 0.40*; rt-12 = 0.34* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.659 + 0.005xh + 0.466pt-1 | R2 = 0.60* | rh2 = 0.35*; rt-12 = 0.24* | |
早期 Early | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.245 + 0.001xc + 0.192pt-1 | R2 = 0.47* | rc2 = 0.20*; rt-12 = 0.27* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.427 + 0.001xc + 0.170pt-1 | R2 = 0.49* | rc2 = 0.01; rt-12 = 0.48* | |
晚期 Late | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.140 + 0.002xh + 0.378pt-1 | R2 = 0.70* | rh2 = 0.34*; rt-12 = 0.36* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.262 + 0.004xh + 0.325pt-1 | R2 = 0.50* | rh2 = 0.33*; rt-12 = 0.17 |
表5 沙质荒漠和砾质荒漠生境天然植被生长季(5-9月)、早期(5-6月)和晚期(7-9月)累积归一化植被指数(NDVIINT)与水文年降水和前一年生长季NDVIINT的线性回归
Table 5 Linear regression models for the relationships between the accumulated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIINT) of the entire- (May to September), early- (May to June), and late-growing-season (July to September) precipitation and hydrological year precipitation (Ph) and the previous normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIINT-pys) at dune and desert
研究区 Sites | 线性回归方程 Linear regression formula | R2 | r2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
生长季 Growing season | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.384 + 0.003xh + 0.527pt-1 | R2 = 0.73* | rh2 = 0.40*; rt-12 = 0.34* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.659 + 0.005xh + 0.466pt-1 | R2 = 0.60* | rh2 = 0.35*; rt-12 = 0.24* | |
早期 Early | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.245 + 0.001xc + 0.192pt-1 | R2 = 0.47* | rc2 = 0.20*; rt-12 = 0.27* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.427 + 0.001xc + 0.170pt-1 | R2 = 0.49* | rc2 = 0.01; rt-12 = 0.48* | |
晚期 Late | 砾质荒漠 Desert | pt = 0.140 + 0.002xh + 0.378pt-1 | R2 = 0.70* | rh2 = 0.34*; rt-12 = 0.36* |
沙质荒漠 Dune | pt = 0.262 + 0.004xh + 0.325pt-1 | R2 = 0.50* | rh2 = 0.33*; rt-12 = 0.17 |
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