毛乌素裸沙丘斑块的实际蒸发量及其对降雨格局的响应

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.014

植物生态学报 ›› 2008, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 123-132.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.014

毛乌素裸沙丘斑块的实际蒸发量及其对降雨格局的响应

刘峻杉¹, 高琼¹^,^*(), 郭柯², 刘新平³, 邵振艳¹, 张智才¹

1 北京师范大学资源学院,地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室,北京 100875
2 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室,北京 100093
3 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,兰州 730000

收稿日期:2006-12-25 接受日期:2007-06-11 出版日期:2008-12-25 发布日期:2008-01-30
通讯作者: 高琼
作者简介:* E-mail: gaoq@bnu.edu.cn
第一联系人：
感谢邱国玉教授和李小雁教授在模型计算和验证过程中提出的宝贵建议
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重大项目(30590384)

ACTUAL EVAPORATION OF BARE SAND DUNES IN MAOWUSU, CHINA AND ITS RESPONSE TO PRECIPITATION PATTERN

LIU Jun-Shan¹, GAO Qiong¹^,^*(), GUO Ke², LIU Xin-Ping³, SHAO Zhen-Yan¹, ZHANG Zhi-Cai¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
²Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
³Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2006-12-25 Accepted:2007-06-11 Online:2008-12-25 Published:2008-01-30
Contact: GAO Qiong

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

裸沙表面的蒸发虽然是一个物理问题,但对于沙地植被演替的初始阶段非常重要。目前存在的地表蒸发的机理性模型大多是瞬时或者短时期的,而年尺度以上的蒸发量与降水和蒸发驱动下的土壤水分系统的状态变化及其对蒸发过程的反馈密切相关。一些估算毛乌素年蒸发量的实验结果之间分歧很大且缺乏准确的机理性解释。该文利用生态系统模型中的土壤水分运动和蒸发模块计算了毛乌素裸沙丘从日到年际尺度的实际蒸发量,发展了一个以单次降雨量和降雨频率为驱动因素的降雨-蒸发模型对年蒸发量进行简单的估算,并研究了年蒸发量对降雨格局的响应。结果表明毛乌素裸沙丘的多年平均蒸发量为166 mm,占多年平均降雨量的56%。虽然研究区1959~1992年降雨总量无显著变化趋势,但是裸沙丘斑块的实际蒸发量呈现较明显的增加趋势(1.30 mm·a^-1)。小降雨事件对蒸发量贡献的显著增加(0.69 mm·a^-1)是导致实际蒸发量增大的重要原因。大强度降雨事件的频度和雨量对降雨总量的贡献要远高于对蒸发总量的贡献,小于12 mm的降雨事件在年际比较稳定,很大程度上保证了年蒸发量100 mm左右的基数值。这些因素使得年蒸发量的变异程度小于年降雨量的变异程度。由于降雨格局的年际变化会对蒸发量产生直接的影响,降雨-蒸发模型可以相对有效地预测年度蒸发量,而用年降雨量预测年蒸发量误差较大。

关键词: 降雨量, 土壤水分, 水量平衡, 生态水文学

Abstract:

Aims Annual or long-term actual evaporation and its response to precipitation pattern are poorly known. Our aims are to estimate average annual surface evaporation of bare sand dunes and explore the relationship between precipitation pattern and annual evaporation variance.
Methods Based on a meta-analysis of previous experiments, we used a process-based model to calculate the evaporation (EV) of bare sand dunes in Maowusu from day to multiyear scales. We also developed a simple Rainfall-EV model driven by amount and frequency of rainfalls, by which we explored the relationship between intensify of rainfall events and variance of annual evaporation.
Important findings The process-based model yielded reasonable short-term evaporation pattern after rainfalls and accumulative evaporation. The long-term average of evaporation from 1959 to 1992 is 166 mm, accounting for 56% of annual precipitation. Although there is no significant change of annual precipitation, the actual evaporation increased significantly with a tendency of 1.30 mm·a^-1. We suggested the significant increase (0.69 mm·a^-1) of small rainfall events (<5 mm) was the dominant reason of the increase of annual actual evaporation. The frequencies and amounts of strong rainfall contributed more to annual precipitation than annual evaporation, while weak rainfall events (<12 mm) kept relatively constant among years, providing about 100 mm evaporation. These resulted in less variance of annual evaporation than precipitation. Since the precipitation pattern among years apparently will influence annual evaporation, the simple Rainfall-EV model is able to predict annual evaporation effectively.

Key words: precipitation, soil moisture, water balance, ecohydrology

刘峻杉, 高琼, 郭柯, 刘新平, 邵振艳, 张智才. 毛乌素裸沙丘斑块的实际蒸发量及其对降雨格局的响应. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(1): 123-132. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.014

LIU Jun-Shan, GAO Qiong, GUO Ke, LIU Xin-Ping, SHAO Zhen-Yan, ZHANG Zhi-Cai. ACTUAL EVAPORATION OF BARE SAND DUNES IN MAOWUSU, CHINA AND ITS RESPONSE TO PRECIPITATION PATTERN. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(1): 123-132. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.014

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.01.014

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I1/123

图/表 14

图1 裸沙丘土壤水分剖面的模拟空心图形代表模拟结果,实心图形代表测量结果;圆形代表早春,方形代表夏季41 mm降水后一天,三角形代表秋末

Fig.1 Comparison of simulated and observed soil moisture profile of bare sand dune Open figures represent simulated results, closed figures represent observed results. Circles represent soil moisture in the early spring, squares in the day after 41 mm rainfall in the middle summer, triangles in the late autumn

表1 模型参数

Table 1 Model parameters used in simulations

参数 Parameter	符号 Symbol	值 Value	单位 Units
饱和含水量 Volumetric soil water content at saturation	θ_s	0.39	m·m^-1
残余含水率 Residual volumetric soil water content	θ_r	0.01	m·m^-1
土壤水分特征参数 Fitting parameter for soil water retention curve	α	0.029 3	cm^-1
土壤水分特征参数 Fitting parameter for soil water retention curve	n	1.751 8	-
饱和导水率 Soil hydraulic conductivity at saturation	Ks	14.2	m·d^-1
蒸发调整系数 Fitting parameter for evaporation	β	6	-
持水参数 Parameter for water-holding	θ_f	0.13	m·m^-1

表2 裸沙丘1和1.5 m内储水量

Table 2 Water reserves within 1 and 1.5 m

深度 Depth (m)	实验(郭柯等,2000) Measurements (Guo et al.,2000)		模拟 Simulations
深度 Depth (m)	平均 Average	冬季 Winter	平均 Average	冬季 Winter
1	77.9±3.6	59.7±5.4	76.3	66.1
1.5	118.1±5.2	-	113.2	105.7

图2 单次降雨量与累计蒸发量的关系(刘新平等,2006)

Fig.2 Relationship between single rainfalls and accumulative evaporation (Liu et al., 2006)

表3 1968年不同月份降雨量与蒸发量

Table 3 Rainfalls and evaporations in the different months of 1968

月份 Month	降雨量 Rainfalls (mm)	潜在蒸散量 Potential evapotranspiration (mm)	实际蒸发量 Evaporation (mm)
1	0	54.7	2.2
2	0	64.5	2.2
3	0	116.7	2.8
4	0	235.2	2.8
5	11.5	346.7	7.2
6	3.7	415.2	9.5
7	80.2	316.2	31.7
8	140.7	242.3	34.6
9	59.1	195.5	24.1
10	40.5	115.6	12.8
11	0	94.3	7.7
12	0	65.4	4.0
累计Sum	335.7	2 262.3	142.9

图3 典型年份的降雨量与蒸发量

Fig.3 Rainfalls and evaporations in 1968

图4 一年内5~300 cm不同土层土壤水分的动态变化

Fig.4 Soil moisture dynamic of different layers of 5-300 cm within one year

图5 夏季雨后短期的蒸发格局

Fig.5 Short-term evaporation patterns after rainfalls in summer

表4 用降雨-蒸发模型估算的1968年蒸发量

Table 4 Evaporation estimation of 1968 by rainfall-EV model

单次降雨量 Single rainfall (mm)	次数 Times	最小蒸发量 Minimum evaporation (mm)	最大蒸发量 Maximum evaporation (mm)
<5	32	27.4	54.8
5~12	12	39.9	79.8
>12	9	38.3	76.6
累计Sum	53	105.5	211.0

图6 连续34年的降雨量与过程模型、降雨-蒸发模型计算的蒸发量

Fig.6 Rainfalls and simulated annual evaporations of continuous 34 years by the process model and rainfall-EV model

图7 不同强度降雨事件的次数

Fig.7 Frequencies of the three rain types in the continuous 34 years

图8 不同强度降雨事件对降雨量的贡献

Fig.8 Contributions of the three rain types to annual precipitation

图9 不同强度降雨事件对蒸发量的贡献

Fig.9 Contributions of the three rain types to annual evaporation

表5 不同降雨强度的发生次数及对降雨总量、蒸发量贡献的多年平均值及趋势

Table 5 Annual frequency, contribution to annual precipitation and actual evaporation, and tendency of different rain types

单次降雨量 Single rainfall (mm)	年次数 Annual times	多年趋势 Tendency (time·a^-1)	对降雨量贡献 Sum for precipitation (mm)	多年趋势 Tendency (mm·a^-1)	对蒸发量贡献 Sum for evaporation (mm)	多年趋势 Tendency (mm·a^-1)
<5	41.97±9.63	0.42^**	60.72±16.55	0.82^**	51.61±14.07	0.69^**
5~12	10.26±3.48	-	79.61±27.61	-	55.65±19.03	-
>12	7.74±3.20	-	185.30±92.68	-	55.89±23.14	-

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毛乌素裸沙丘斑块的实际蒸发量及其对降雨格局的响应

ACTUAL EVAPORATION OF BARE SAND DUNES IN MAOWUSU, CHINA AND ITS RESPONSE TO PRECIPITATION PATTERN

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