植物生态学报 ›› 2014, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (9): 1019-1028.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00096
所属专题： 稳定同位素生态学
• 综述 • 上一篇
苏华,刘伟,李永庚(
)
收稿日期:2014-04-03
接受日期:2014-05-23
出版日期:2014-04-03
发布日期:2014-09-22
通讯作者:
李永庚
基金资助:
SU Hua,LIU Wei,LI Yong-Geng()
Received:2014-04-03
Accepted:2014-05-23
Online:2014-04-03
Published:2014-09-22
Contact:
LI Yong-Geng
摘要：
水分再分配(hydraulic redistribution, HR)作为一个普遍存在的生物物理过程, 在缓解植物干旱胁迫、调节植物种间关系和群落组成、影响生态系统水碳平衡等方面具有重要的生态意义。近年来, 同位素标记示踪技术的应用促进了HR的深入研究, 该文综述了HR对土壤-植被系统养分循环的影响。HR能改善干燥土层的水分状况, 防止根系栓塞, 促进细根存活与生长, 提高微生物活性, 从而促进植物对表层土壤养分(尤其是氮)的吸收; HR还通过水分下传作用促进植物对深层土壤中磷和金属离子的吸收。HR促进土壤养分库的上下交换与流动, 调节植物与土壤的氮磷比, 因此其影响可能具有全球意义。在全球变化(如氮沉降)背景下, 有必要深入探索HR在生物地球化学循环过程中的影响和作用, 并将其纳入生态系统模型中。
苏华,刘伟,李永庚. 水分再分配对土壤-植物系统养分循环的生态意义. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(9): 1019-1028. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00096
SU Hua,LIU Wei,LI Yong-Geng. Ecological implications of hydraulic redistribution in nutrient cycling of soil-plant system. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(9): 1019-1028. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00096
图1 不同类型的水分再分配(hydraulic redistribution)示意图。向上的水分再分配是最常见的类型, 当浅层土壤水势低于深层土壤水势时发生; 向下的水分再分配在特定条件下(如大的降雨事件后)当浅层土壤水势高于深层土壤水势时发生; 侧向的水分再分配在相同深度的具有不同水势的土壤层间发生。Ψ, 土壤水势。不同大小的Ψ代表不同的土壤水势, 大Ψ代表土壤水势高, 小Ψ代表土壤水势低。箭头代表水分移动的方向。参考Prieto等(2012b)和刘峻杉等(2007)。
Fig. 1 Schematic illustrations of different types of hydraulic redistribution (HR). Upward HR is the most commonly observed type of HR and takes place when shallow soil layers are drier than deep layers. Downward HR takes place under certain conditions when shallow soil layers are wetter than deep soil layers (e.g. after a large rain event). Lateral HR is the horizontal redistribution of soil water between soil layers at same depth but with different water potentials. Ψ denotes soil water potentials. Different sizes of the Ψ label indicate different levels of water potential; the bigger size means higher the water potential, and vice versa. Arrows indicate the direction of water movement. Adapted from Prieto et al. (2012b) and Liu et al. (2007).
图2 水分再分配(HR)对植物个体、群落及生态系统的影响。加粗方框, HR在群落或生态系统尺度上的影响; 普通方框, HR影响的生物物理过程; 粗箭头, 水分释放与吸收; 实线细箭头, 已证实的影响过程; 虚线细箭头, 未证实的或需要进一步研究的过程; NEE, 净生态系统碳交换量; OM, 有机质。
Fig. 2 Diagram of the effects of hydraulic redistribution (HR) on individual plants, communities and ecosystems. Bold boxes, effects on community or ecosystem scale; common boxes, biological or physical processes; bold arrows, water release and absorption; solid fine arrows, direction of the proved processes. dotted fine arrows, direction of the unproved processes or processes that need further study. NEE, net ecosystem exchange; OM, organic materials.
| 序号 No. | 地点 Site | 物种 Species | 类型 Type | 主要结果 Main findings | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonal arid area | Pseudotsuga pomderosa | HL | 干旱季节末期, HL提供的水量占上层土壤(15-60 cm)含水量日恢复量的60%-80%。 Water provided by HL represented 60%-80% of the water extracted in the upper soil (15-60 cm) daily at the end of drought. | |
| 2 | 野外条件下的农田生态系统 Agricultural ecosystems under field conditions | Vitis riparia × V. berlandieri cv. 420A | HL & LHR | 7天后, 在未曾灌溉侧根系附近的土壤中检测到同位素标记氘。 Deuterium was eventually detected in rhizosphere soils adjacent to roots on the non-irrigated side after 7 d. | |
| 3 | 半干旱林地 Semiarid woodland | Pseudotsuga menziesii | HL | 在活跃期间, HL能为上层土壤提供日消耗量的40%。 In the most active periods, HL replenished approximately 40% of the water depleted from the upper soil on a daily basis. | |
| 4 | 地中海萨王纳 Mediterranean savanna | Quercus suber | HL | 干旱季节, HL能为树木提供占其次日蒸腾量17%-81%的水分。 HL was estimated to account for 17%-81% of the water used during the following day by trees at the peak of the drought season. | |
| 5 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonal arid area | P. pomderosa, P. menziesii | HL | HL能提供地区季节性总需水量的3%-9%。 HL accounted for 3%-9% of the estimated total site water depletion seasonally. | |
| 6 | 农林交错带 Agroforestry parklands | Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa | HL | 上层土壤的养分可利用率越高, 则水分提升越强, 提升的水量占总蒸腾量的53%-60%。 HL was more intense under higher nutrient availability in the upper soil layers; lifted water represented 53%-60% of total water transpired. | |
| 7 | 半干旱林地 Semiarid woodland | Quercus fusiformis, Bumelia lanuginosa, Prosopis glandulosa | HL & LHR | 提升的水量占总蒸腾量的22%。 Water lifted by HL represented 22% of total water transpired. | |
| 8 | 半干旱沿海平原 Semiarid coastal plain | Pinus taeda | HL | 提升的水量占总蒸腾量的30%-50%。 Water lifted by HL represented 30%-50% of total water transpired. | |
| 9 | 干旱区荒漠河岸 Desert riparian forest | Populus euphratica | HL | HL为上层土壤提供的水分占日消耗量的28%-38%。 Water provided by HL replenished 28%-38% of the water depleted from the upper soil on a daily basis. | |
| 10 | 西澳大利亚半干旱区 Semiarid areas in Western Australia | Eucalyptus kochii | HL | 提水量占日蒸腾量的27%, 将表层土壤含水量提高30%。 Water lifted by HL represented 27% of total water transpired, increasing water in the upper soil layer by 30%. | |
| 11 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonally arid area | Pinus ponderosa | HL | 干旱季节, HL提供的水量占上层土壤含水量日恢复量的80%。 HL accounted for 80% of daily recovery of soil water content in the upper soil layers in the dry season. | |
| 12 | 干旱荒漠河岸 Desert riparian forest | Populus euphratica | HL | 提水量可以满足植物22%-41%的水分需求。 Water lifted by HL could meet 22%-41% of plant water demand. | |
| 13 | 干旱荒漠河岸 Desert riparian forest | P. euphratica | HL | HL提高上层土壤(0-120 cm)湿度, 约占植物日间水分利用量的10%-20%。 HL could improve soil moisture, providing approximately 10%-20% of daily water used in the upper soil layers (0-120 cm). | |
| 14 | 半干旱区 Arid area | Artemisia tridentate | HD | 降雨事件后87%-100%的雨水被根系运送到0.3 m以下的土壤中。 After a rainfall, 87%-100% of rainwater could be moved downwards bellow 0.3 m by roots. | |
| 15 | 半干旱冲积平原 Floodplain terrace in semiarid south-eastern Arizona | Juglans major | HL & HD | 根系向下移动的水量占总蒸腾量的10%-60%。 The water moved below by roots is 10%-60% of total transpired water. | |
| 16 | 亚马逊热带雨林 Amazon rainforest | Coussarea racemosa, Manilkara huberi, Protium robustum | HL & HD | 缓解水分胁迫, 改善降雨入渗。 HR ameliorate water stress and improve rain infiltration. | |
| 序号 No. | 地点 Site | 物种 Species | 类型 Type | 主要结果 Main findings | 文献 Reference |
| 17 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonal arid area | Bromus tectorum | HL & HD | 再分配的水量占植物根区储水量的显著比例。 The amount of water redistributed represented a significant proportion of what can be stored in the rooted zone. | |
| 18 | 半干旱区农田 Semiarid farms | Protea ‘Sylvia’ | HL & HD | 盆栽的 Protea ‘Sylvia’再分配了所提供的氚水的约17%, 相当于(34 ± 1.2) mL·plant-1; 生长在风成沙中的 Protea ‘Sylvia’能吸收利用1.2 m深度添加的氘水, 这些重水之后被重新分配到上层土壤中(0.2-0.4 m), 表现为土壤水的δ2H从(-24.5 ± 0.7)‰上升到(-8.0 ± 3.0)‰, 土壤湿度从0.48%上升到0.89%。 Protea ‘Sylvia’ redistributed similar to 17% of the tritiated water supplied, equating to (34 ± 1.2) mL·plant-1. In the field, Protea ‘Sylvia’ plants growing in aeolian sands took up the deuterated water applied at 1.2 m depth as indicated by increased δ2H. This deuterated water was then redistributed to the upper soil layer (0.2 and 0.4 m), as indicated by increased δ2H of soil water from (-24.5 ± 0.7)‰ to (-8.0 ± 3.0)‰ and soil moisture from 0.48% to 0.89%. |
表1 水分再分配对植物蒸腾和土壤含水量的影响
Table 1 Effects of hydraulic redistribution on plant transpiration and soil water content
| 序号 No. | 地点 Site | 物种 Species | 类型 Type | 主要结果 Main findings | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonal arid area | Pseudotsuga pomderosa | HL | 干旱季节末期, HL提供的水量占上层土壤(15-60 cm)含水量日恢复量的60%-80%。 Water provided by HL represented 60%-80% of the water extracted in the upper soil (15-60 cm) daily at the end of drought. | |
| 2 | 野外条件下的农田生态系统 Agricultural ecosystems under field conditions | Vitis riparia × V. berlandieri cv. 420A | HL & LHR | 7天后, 在未曾灌溉侧根系附近的土壤中检测到同位素标记氘。 Deuterium was eventually detected in rhizosphere soils adjacent to roots on the non-irrigated side after 7 d. | |
| 3 | 半干旱林地 Semiarid woodland | Pseudotsuga menziesii | HL | 在活跃期间, HL能为上层土壤提供日消耗量的40%。 In the most active periods, HL replenished approximately 40% of the water depleted from the upper soil on a daily basis. | |
| 4 | 地中海萨王纳 Mediterranean savanna | Quercus suber | HL | 干旱季节, HL能为树木提供占其次日蒸腾量17%-81%的水分。 HL was estimated to account for 17%-81% of the water used during the following day by trees at the peak of the drought season. | |
| 5 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonal arid area | P. pomderosa, P. menziesii | HL | HL能提供地区季节性总需水量的3%-9%。 HL accounted for 3%-9% of the estimated total site water depletion seasonally. | |
| 6 | 农林交错带 Agroforestry parklands | Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa | HL | 上层土壤的养分可利用率越高, 则水分提升越强, 提升的水量占总蒸腾量的53%-60%。 HL was more intense under higher nutrient availability in the upper soil layers; lifted water represented 53%-60% of total water transpired. | |
| 7 | 半干旱林地 Semiarid woodland | Quercus fusiformis, Bumelia lanuginosa, Prosopis glandulosa | HL & LHR | 提升的水量占总蒸腾量的22%。 Water lifted by HL represented 22% of total water transpired. | |
| 8 | 半干旱沿海平原 Semiarid coastal plain | Pinus taeda | HL | 提升的水量占总蒸腾量的30%-50%。 Water lifted by HL represented 30%-50% of total water transpired. | |
| 9 | 干旱区荒漠河岸 Desert riparian forest | Populus euphratica | HL | HL为上层土壤提供的水分占日消耗量的28%-38%。 Water provided by HL replenished 28%-38% of the water depleted from the upper soil on a daily basis. | |
| 10 | 西澳大利亚半干旱区 Semiarid areas in Western Australia | Eucalyptus kochii | HL | 提水量占日蒸腾量的27%, 将表层土壤含水量提高30%。 Water lifted by HL represented 27% of total water transpired, increasing water in the upper soil layer by 30%. | |
| 11 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonally arid area | Pinus ponderosa | HL | 干旱季节, HL提供的水量占上层土壤含水量日恢复量的80%。 HL accounted for 80% of daily recovery of soil water content in the upper soil layers in the dry season. | |
| 12 | 干旱荒漠河岸 Desert riparian forest | Populus euphratica | HL | 提水量可以满足植物22%-41%的水分需求。 Water lifted by HL could meet 22%-41% of plant water demand. | |
| 13 | 干旱荒漠河岸 Desert riparian forest | P. euphratica | HL | HL提高上层土壤(0-120 cm)湿度, 约占植物日间水分利用量的10%-20%。 HL could improve soil moisture, providing approximately 10%-20% of daily water used in the upper soil layers (0-120 cm). | |
| 14 | 半干旱区 Arid area | Artemisia tridentate | HD | 降雨事件后87%-100%的雨水被根系运送到0.3 m以下的土壤中。 After a rainfall, 87%-100% of rainwater could be moved downwards bellow 0.3 m by roots. | |
| 15 | 半干旱冲积平原 Floodplain terrace in semiarid south-eastern Arizona | Juglans major | HL & HD | 根系向下移动的水量占总蒸腾量的10%-60%。 The water moved below by roots is 10%-60% of total transpired water. | |
| 16 | 亚马逊热带雨林 Amazon rainforest | Coussarea racemosa, Manilkara huberi, Protium robustum | HL & HD | 缓解水分胁迫, 改善降雨入渗。 HR ameliorate water stress and improve rain infiltration. | |
| 序号 No. | 地点 Site | 物种 Species | 类型 Type | 主要结果 Main findings | 文献 Reference |
| 17 | 季节性干旱区 Seasonal arid area | Bromus tectorum | HL & HD | 再分配的水量占植物根区储水量的显著比例。 The amount of water redistributed represented a significant proportion of what can be stored in the rooted zone. | |
| 18 | 半干旱区农田 Semiarid farms | Protea ‘Sylvia’ | HL & HD | 盆栽的 Protea ‘Sylvia’再分配了所提供的氚水的约17%, 相当于(34 ± 1.2) mL·plant-1; 生长在风成沙中的 Protea ‘Sylvia’能吸收利用1.2 m深度添加的氘水, 这些重水之后被重新分配到上层土壤中(0.2-0.4 m), 表现为土壤水的δ2H从(-24.5 ± 0.7)‰上升到(-8.0 ± 3.0)‰, 土壤湿度从0.48%上升到0.89%。 Protea ‘Sylvia’ redistributed similar to 17% of the tritiated water supplied, equating to (34 ± 1.2) mL·plant-1. In the field, Protea ‘Sylvia’ plants growing in aeolian sands took up the deuterated water applied at 1.2 m depth as indicated by increased δ2H. This deuterated water was then redistributed to the upper soil layer (0.2 and 0.4 m), as indicated by increased δ2H of soil water from (-24.5 ± 0.7)‰ to (-8.0 ± 3.0)‰ and soil moisture from 0.48% to 0.89%. |
| 发生HR的植物种 Species engaged in HR | 相邻的植物种 Adjacent plant species | 生活型 Life form | 生态效应 Ecological effect | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinus halepensis | Pistacia lentiscus | 灌木 Shrub | 正效应 Positive | |
| Acacia tortilis | Cynodon dactylon | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | |
| Panicum maximum | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | ||
| Cenchrus ciliaris | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | ||
| Markhamia lutea | Oryza sativa | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | |
| Prosopis velutina | Zanthoxylum fagara | 灌木 Shrub | 正效应 Positive | |
| Berberis trifoliolata | 灌木 Shrub | 中性效应 Neutral | ||
| Condalia hookeri | 灌木 Shrub | 负效应 Negative | ||
| Pseudotsuga meinziesii | Pseudotsuga meinziesii | 树木 Tree | 中性效应 Neutral | |
| Pinus ponderosa | Festuca pallescens | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | |
| Protea | Leysera gnaphalodes | 灌木 Shrub | 负效应 Negative | |
| Cyanodon dactylon | 草本 Grass | 正效应 Positive | ||
| Pistacia lentiscus | Juniperus phoenicia | 灌木 Shrub | 负效应 Negative | |
| Retama sphaerocarpa | Marrubium vulgare | 灌木 Shrub | 正/负效应 Positive/Negative |
表2 近10年来针对水分再分配对植物间相互关系的影响研究汇总
Table 2 Summary of related works in the past decade analyzing the effects of hydraulic redistribution (HR) on plant-plant interactions
| 发生HR的植物种 Species engaged in HR | 相邻的植物种 Adjacent plant species | 生活型 Life form | 生态效应 Ecological effect | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinus halepensis | Pistacia lentiscus | 灌木 Shrub | 正效应 Positive | |
| Acacia tortilis | Cynodon dactylon | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | |
| Panicum maximum | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | ||
| Cenchrus ciliaris | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | ||
| Markhamia lutea | Oryza sativa | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | |
| Prosopis velutina | Zanthoxylum fagara | 灌木 Shrub | 正效应 Positive | |
| Berberis trifoliolata | 灌木 Shrub | 中性效应 Neutral | ||
| Condalia hookeri | 灌木 Shrub | 负效应 Negative | ||
| Pseudotsuga meinziesii | Pseudotsuga meinziesii | 树木 Tree | 中性效应 Neutral | |
| Pinus ponderosa | Festuca pallescens | 草本 Grass | 负效应 Negative | |
| Protea | Leysera gnaphalodes | 灌木 Shrub | 负效应 Negative | |
| Cyanodon dactylon | 草本 Grass | 正效应 Positive | ||
| Pistacia lentiscus | Juniperus phoenicia | 灌木 Shrub | 负效应 Negative | |
| Retama sphaerocarpa | Marrubium vulgare | 灌木 Shrub | 正/负效应 Positive/Negative |
图3 植物根系的水分再分配过程对N:P的影响。
Fig. 3 Impacts of hydraulic redistribution of plant roots on N:P ratios.
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