华南国家植物园24种植物花与叶片功能性状变异

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0038

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物功能性状是指植物形态、结构、生理等方面的特征, 反映植物对环境变化的响应与适应。花是植物的繁殖器官, 其功能性状表征植物对传粉媒介、传粉者的选择以及繁殖过程的碳投资策略。研究表明, 花是由叶片发育而来的变态器官, 但两者在结构和生理性状上的差异研究较少。为了揭示花和叶片功能性状的差异, 该研究以华南国家植物园的24个物种为研究对象, 分别测定花和叶片的形态性状(大小和厚度)、结构性状(花脉直径与密度、叶脉直径与密度、比花重、比叶重和干物质含量)、机械抗性(穿透力、撕裂力)和生理性状(寿命、呼吸速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、氮含量和磷含量)。研究发现, 花与叶片碳投资策略存在显著差异。与叶片相比, 花的穿透力、撕裂力和干物质含量为叶片的50.0%、42.9%、30.7%, 且花的蒸腾速率和气孔导度为叶片的73.9%和84.6%。同时, 花大小、花机械抗性均随花脉直径增大而显著增加; 叶片大小与叶片一级脉直径呈显著正相关关系, 叶片机械抗性与叶片末端脉直径呈显著正相关关系。而花寿命与花瓣的呼吸速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著负相关关系, 与花机械抗性(即撕裂力和穿透力)、比花重均无显著关系; 而叶片寿命与叶片呼吸速率、机械抗性、比叶重均呈显著正相关关系。该研究通过系统测定花和叶片的功能性状, 探究了植物两类器官结构与功能之间的差异, 揭示了植物在繁殖与生长之间的资源分配权衡, 为国家植物园的物种保护提供科学依据和数据支持。

关键词: 花, 叶片, 形态性状, 结构性状, 机械抗性, 生理性状

Abstract:

Aims Plant functional traits refer to various characteristics of plant morphology, structure, physiology, etc., reflecting plant responses and adaptations to environmental change. Flowers, as the core organs of plant reproduction, possess functional traits that can reflect plant-pollinator interactions, pollinator selection, and carbon investment strategies during the reproductive processes. It has been shown that flowers are developed from leaves, but the differences between flower and leaf functional traits across species remain largely unknown. By systematically quantifying the functional traits of flowers and leaves, this study investigated the differences in structures and functions of these two types of plant organs.

Methods To reveal the differences in functional traits between flowers and leaves, we selected 24 species in South China National Botanical Garden, and measured their both flower and leaf morphological traits (i.e., size and thickness), structural traits (i.e., vein diameter and density, mass per area, and dry mass content), mechanical strength (i.e., force to tear, and force to punch), and physiological traits (i.e., longevity, respiration rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content).

Important findings Significant differences were found in the functional traits and carbon investment strategies between flowers and leaves. Force to punch, force to tear, and dry mass content of flowers were 50.0%, 42.9% and 30.7% of leaves. Additionally, the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of flowers were 73.9% and 84.6% of leaves. Flower size and mechanical strength significantly increased with flower vein diameter, while leaf size was significantly and positively correlated with primary leaf vein diameter. Leaf mechanical strength was significantly and positively correlated with leaf minor vein diameter. Moreover, flower longevity was significantly and negatively correlated with flower respiration rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, but non-significantly correlated with flower mechanical strength and mass per area. In contrast, leaf longevity was significantly and positively correlated with leaf respiration rate, mechanical strength, and mass per area. Our findings revealed the trade-offs in resource allocation between plant reproduction and growth, and provided data support for species protection in the National Botanical Gardens.

Key words: flower, leaf, morphological trait, structural trait, mechanical strength, physiological trait

李沁, 贺鹏程, 叶清. 华南国家植物园24种植物花与叶片功能性状变异. 植物生态学报, 2026, 50(2): 474-488. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0038

LI Qin, HE Peng-Cheng, YE Qing. Variation in flower and leaf functional traits of 24 species in South China National Botanical Garden. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2026, 50(2): 474-488. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0038

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2025.0038

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2026/V50/I2/474

图/表 8

表1 本实验所选华南国家植物园24个物种

Table 1 24 species selected from South China National Botanical Garden in this study

物种 Species	科名 Family	生长型 Growth form	采样时间 Sampling time
山茶 Camellia japonica	山茶科 Theaceae	乔木 Tree	12月 December
茶梅 Camellia sasanqua	山茶科 Theaceae	乔木 Tree	12月 December
红皮糙果茶 Camellia crapnelliana	山茶科 Theaceae	乔木 Tree	12月 December
白兰 Michelia alba	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	2月 February
黄山玉兰 Magnolia cylindrica	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	2月 February
荷花玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
盖裂木 Talauma hodgsonii	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
红花木莲 Manglietia insignis	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
香港木兰 Lirianthe championii	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
含笑 Michelia figo	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	灌木 Shrub	2月 February
毛棉杜鹃 Rhododendron moulmainense	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	灌木 Shrub	3月 March
锦绣杜鹃 Rhododendron pulchrum	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	灌木 Shrub	3月 March
杜鹃 Rhododendron simsii	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	灌木 Shrub	2月 February
悬铃花 Malvaviscus arboreus	锦葵科 Malvaceae	灌木 Shrub	2月 February
宫粉羊蹄甲 Bauhinia variegata	豆科 Fabaceae	乔木 Tree	3月 March
黄蝉 Allamanda schottii	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	灌木 Shrub	3月 March
金杯花 Solandra guttata	茄科 Solanaceae	藤本 Vine	3月 March
炮仗藤 Pyrostegia venusta	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	藤本 Vine	2月 February
红花酢浆草 Oxalis corymbosa	酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
碗花草 Thunbergia fragrans	爵床科 Acanthaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
宽叶十万错 Asystasia gangetica	爵床科 Acanthaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
翠芦莉 Ruellia simplex	爵床科 Acanthaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
艳山姜 Alpinia zerumbet	姜科 Zingiberaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
华南忍冬 Lonicera confusa	忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae	藤本 Vine	3月 March

表1 本实验所选华南国家植物园24个物种

Table 1 24 species selected from South China National Botanical Garden in this study

物种 Species	科名 Family	生长型 Growth form	采样时间 Sampling time
山茶 Camellia japonica	山茶科 Theaceae	乔木 Tree	12月 December
茶梅 Camellia sasanqua	山茶科 Theaceae	乔木 Tree	12月 December
红皮糙果茶 Camellia crapnelliana	山茶科 Theaceae	乔木 Tree	12月 December
白兰 Michelia alba	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	2月 February
黄山玉兰 Magnolia cylindrica	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	2月 February
荷花玉兰 Magnolia grandiflora	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
盖裂木 Talauma hodgsonii	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
红花木莲 Manglietia insignis	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
香港木兰 Lirianthe championii	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	乔木 Tree	5月 May
含笑 Michelia figo	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	灌木 Shrub	2月 February
毛棉杜鹃 Rhododendron moulmainense	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	灌木 Shrub	3月 March
锦绣杜鹃 Rhododendron pulchrum	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	灌木 Shrub	3月 March
杜鹃 Rhododendron simsii	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	灌木 Shrub	2月 February
悬铃花 Malvaviscus arboreus	锦葵科 Malvaceae	灌木 Shrub	2月 February
宫粉羊蹄甲 Bauhinia variegata	豆科 Fabaceae	乔木 Tree	3月 March
黄蝉 Allamanda schottii	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	灌木 Shrub	3月 March
金杯花 Solandra guttata	茄科 Solanaceae	藤本 Vine	3月 March
炮仗藤 Pyrostegia venusta	紫葳科 Bignoniaceae	藤本 Vine	2月 February
红花酢浆草 Oxalis corymbosa	酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
碗花草 Thunbergia fragrans	爵床科 Acanthaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
宽叶十万错 Asystasia gangetica	爵床科 Acanthaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
翠芦莉 Ruellia simplex	爵床科 Acanthaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
艳山姜 Alpinia zerumbet	姜科 Zingiberaceae	草本 Herb	3月 March
华南忍冬 Lonicera confusa	忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae	藤本 Vine	3月 March

图1 花脉性状的测定。A, 黄山玉兰。B, 炮仗藤。

Fig. 1 Determination of flower vein properties. A, Magnolia cylindrica. B, Pyrostegia venusta.

图2 植物花与叶片功能性状的比较。数据进行lg转化。花和叶片性状之间的比较用配对样本t检验。*, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; **, 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 2 Comparison of functional traits between flower and leaf. Figures are plotted on lg scales. Traits were compared between flower and leaf using pared-samples t-test. *, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; **, 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

图3 花和叶片的大小与脉直径、机械抗性、比花/叶重之间的关系。数据进行了lg转化。*, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; **, 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 3 Relationships between size and vein diameter, mechanical strength, mass per area of flower and leaf. Figures are plotted on lg scales. *, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; **, 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

图4 植物花和叶片的寿命与机械抗性、比花/叶重之间的关系。数据进行了lg转化。*, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 4 Relationships between longevity and mechanical strength, mass per area of flower and leaf. Figures are plotted on lg scales. *, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001.

图5 花和叶片的寿命与呼吸速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度之间的关系。数据进行了lg转化。*, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 5 Relationships between longevity and respiration rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of flower and leaf. Figures are plotted on lg scales. *, 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001.

图6 花和叶片的机械抗性与脉直径、比花/叶重之间关系。数据进行了lg转化。**, 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 6 Relationships between mechanical strength and vein diameter, mass per area of flower and leaf. Figures are plotted on lg scales. **, 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

图7 植物花和叶片性状的主成分(PC)分析。A, 花和叶片的物种分布。B, 主成分载荷。

Fig. 7 Principal component (PC) analysis of flower and leaf traits. A, Species scores with flower and leaf traits. B, Principal component loadings of plant traits.

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