鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20公顷样地群落特征研究

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.005

植物生态学报 ›› 2008, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (2): 274-286.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.005 cstr: 32100.14.j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.005

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20公顷样地群落特征研究

叶万辉(), 曹洪麟, 黄忠良, 练琚愉, 王志高, 李林, 魏识广, 王章明

中国科学院华南植物园,广州 510650

收稿日期:2007-12-19 接受日期:2008-01-26 出版日期:2008-12-19 发布日期:2008-03-30
作者简介:E-mail: why@scbg.ac.cn
第一联系人：
感谢中国科学院生物多样性委员会对鼎湖山大样地工作的大力支持;感谢加拿大 Alberta大学何芳良教授、台湾东海大学孙义方教授、中国科学院植物研究所马克平教授在建设样地中提出宝贵意见,并在样地选址、调查工作中亲临现场给予指导;感谢美国史密森热带森林研究中心(CFS)生态学家 Richand Condit i教授在数据整理上提供指导和帮助;感谢武汉江韵测绘勘査有限公司在样地建设过程中付出的辛動劳动。同时感谢以下人员在鼎湖山大样地植物调查时给予帮助:华南师范大学的林正媚博士,中国科学院华南植物园的陈炳辉高工、黄玉佳、莫定升、孟泽、张佑昌、吴林芳、叶育石,浙江古田山自然保护区的方腾,中国科学院华南植物园研究生:史军辉、张池、沈浩、李静、穆宏平、韩玉洁;华南师范大学与华南农业大学2002级本科生:施悦谋、陈达丰、谢腾芳、黄婷、陈裕喜、李胜强、陈水莲。
基金资助:
中国科学院知识创新工程重大项目(KCX2-YW-430);中国森林生物多样性监测络

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF A 20 HM² LOWER SUBTROPICAL EVERGREEN BROADLEAVED FOREST PLOT IN DINGHUSHAN, CHINA

YE Wan-Hui(), CAO Hong-Lin, HUANG Zhong-Liang, LIAN Ju-Yu, WANG Zhi-Gao, LI Lin, WEI Shi-Guang, WANG Zhang-Ming

South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China

Received:2007-12-19 Accepted:2008-01-26 Online:2008-12-19 Published:2008-03-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林是北回归线附近保存较完好的地带性植被,是在南亚热带季风湿润型气候条件下发育的植被类型,具有热带向亚热带的过渡性质,群落结构相对复杂,组成种类相对丰富。参照巴拿马巴洛科罗拉多岛(Barro Colorado Island, BCI) 50 hm²热带雨林样地的技术规范,采用中国森林生物多样性监测网络的统一调查研究方法,于2005年在鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林建立了20 hm² 固定监测样地,调查并鉴定了样方内胸径(Diameter at breast height, DBH)大于1 cm的木本植物。首次调查结果表明,群落内共有木本植物210种,71 617个活的个体,分属于56科119属。从乔木区系的组成及其特点可以看出,其南亚热带的区系成分占绝对优势,并呈现出由亚热带向热带过渡的趋势。群落垂直结构复杂,地上成层现象较明显,乔木可分为3层,其中重要值最大的锥(Castanopsis chinensis)、木荷(Schima superba)和黄杞(Engelhardtia roxburghiana)均是乔木上层的优势种;中层是群落的主要层,由厚壳桂(Cryptocarya chinensis)、黄叶树(Xanthophyllum hainanense)和华润楠(Machilus chinensis)等中生和耐阴树种组成;下层成分较复杂,物种多样性高,不同地段的物种组成差异较大。样地内物种十分丰富,种-面积曲线拟合显示其物种数量接近于BCI。稀有种比例极高,有110种,占总物种数的52.38%,其中有45%的稀有种源于物种本身的特性,有20%源于区系交汇,人为或自然干扰造成的稀有种占30%以上。样地中所有个体的径级分布(以1 cm等级排列)明显呈倒“J"形,表示群落稳定与正常生长状态。根据对优势种径级结构的分布分析,将各树种的径级结构归纳为4种类型:1)峰型(中径级个体储备型),此类物种为乔木上层优势种;2)倒“J"型 (正常型),此类物种为乔木中层的优势种;3)类倒“J"型(偏正常型),此类物种占据乔木的中、下层;4)“L”型(灌木型),此类物种分布于乔木下层和灌木层。点格局分析得出优势种在各个层上的绝大部分尺度都是聚集分布的,而不同径级的空间分布随物种的不同而呈现出明显的差异性,点格局显示了优势种在相同径级的分布(特别是DBH=10~40 cm)具有一定的空间互补性。对大径级(DBH>40 cm)的504个个体进行空间分布格局分析,结果表明,所有这些个体随机分布于整个样地,但不同的物种在空间分布上存在一定的规律。

关键词: 鼎湖山大样地, 森林生物多样性监测, 南亚热带常绿阔叶林, 分布格局, 物种组成

Abstract:

Aims Lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest in Dinghushan is one of typical vegetations in Southern China. Its vegetation is protected very well. Because of its geographical location, the composition of its flora is transitional between the subtropical and tropical. A 20 hm² permanent plot of 400 m × 500 m was established in 2005 for long-term monitoring of the biodiversity in the forest.
Methods The plot was established following the field protocol of the 50 hm² plot in Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in Panama. All free-standing trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) at least one centimeter were mapped and identified to species.
Important findings There are 71 617 individuals, belonging to 210 species, 119 genera and 56 families. Its floristic composition is transitional between the subtropical and tropical. The vertical structure of the forest is clear. There are five layers from the top of the canopy to the ground floor, three tree layers (upper, middle and low), one shrub layer and one herb layer, respectively. Based on important value, Castanopsis chinensis, Schima superba and Engelhardtia roxburghiana are the three most dominant species in the upper layer. There are many shade-tolerant and intermediate light-demanding species, such as Cryptocarya chinensis, Xanthophyllum hainanense, Machilus chinensis in mid-layer. Species in low layer are rich and complex, which composition varies a lot. The species-area curve indicates that there is high diversity in the forest and the number of species is close to BCI. There is high proportion of rare species represented by <20 individuals which account for 52.38% of the total number of species. Among these rare species 45% of them lead to be rare by species characteristics, 20% by the floristic transitional nature of the plot, while the rest by disturbances.Size distribution of all individuals shows an invert J-shape, which indicates that the community is in a stable and normal growth status. Size distributions of the dominant species are classified into four types based on their size-class frequencies, unimodal in the top layer, inverse J-shape in middle layer, close to inverse J-shape in middle and low layer, and L-shape in low and shrub layer. Dominant species in different layers are aggregated by the spatial pattern analysis and the spatial patterns of these species in different layers vary with size-classes. However, spatial patterns of them also show complementary within the same size classes, especially in 10-40 cm DBH. The individuals with DBH>40 cm are randomly distributed.

Key words: Dinghushan plot, forest biodiversity monitoring, lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, spatial pattern, species composition

叶万辉, 曹洪麟, 黄忠良, 练琚愉, 王志高, 李林, 魏识广, 王章明. 鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20公顷样地群落特征研究. 植物生态学报, 2008, 32(2): 274-286. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.005

YE Wan-Hui, CAO Hong-Lin, HUANG Zhong-Liang, LIAN Ju-Yu, WANG Zhi-Gao, LI Lin, WEI Shi-Guang, WANG Zhang-Ming. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF A 20 HM² LOWER SUBTROPICAL EVERGREEN BROADLEAVED FOREST PLOT IN DINGHUSHAN, CHINA. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(2): 274-286. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.005

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2008/V32/I2/274

图/表 14

参考文献 37

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类群 Group	组成 Composition			生长型 Growth type
类群 Group	科Family	属Genus	种Species	乔木Arbor	小乔木Subarbor	灌木Shrub
裸子植物Gymnosperm	2	2	2	2	-	-
被子植物Angiosperm
双子叶植物Dicotyledon	52	115	206	44	93	69
单子叶植物Monocotyledon	2	2	2	1	-	1
合计 Total	56	119	210	47	93	70

类群 Group	组成 Composition			生长型 Growth type
类群 Group	科Family	属Genus	种Species	乔木Arbor	小乔木Subarbor	灌木Shrub
裸子植物Gymnosperm	2	2	2	2	-	-
被子植物Angiosperm
双子叶植物Dicotyledon	52	115	206	44	93	69
单子叶植物Monocotyledon	2	2	2	1	-	1
合计 Total	56	119	210	47	93	70

科名 Family	物种数与比率 No. of species (Proportion %)	科名 Family	个体数与比率 No. of individuals (Proportion %)
樟科Lauraceae	21 (10.00)	樟科Lauraceae	14 065 (19.64)
大戟科Euphorbiaceae	20 (9.52)	桃金娘科Myrtaceae	8 247 (11.52)
茜草科Rubiaceae	14 (6.67)	茜草科Rubiaceae	8 024 (11.20)
桑科Moraceae	11 (5.23)	野牡丹科Melastomataceae	5 398 (7.54)
山茶科Theaceae	9 (4.29)	大戟科Euphorbiaceae	5 114 (7.14)
桃金娘科Myrtaceae	9 (4.29)	杜鹃花科Ericaceae	4 860 (6.79)
冬青科Aquifoliaceae	8 (3.81)	紫金牛科Myrsinaceae	4 457 (6.22)
杜鹃花科Ericaceae	8 (3.81)	山茶科Theaceae	2 881 (4.02)
杜英科Elaeocarpaceae	6 (2.86)	蝶形花科Papilionaceae	2 791 (3.90)
蝶形花科Papilionaceae	5 (2.38)	壳斗科Fagaceae	2 604 (3.64)
总计 Total	111 (52.86)	总计 Total	58 441 (81.60)

科名 Family	物种数与比率 No. of species (Proportion %)	科名 Family	个体数与比率 No. of individuals (Proportion %)
樟科Lauraceae	21 (10.00)	樟科Lauraceae	14 065 (19.64)
大戟科Euphorbiaceae	20 (9.52)	桃金娘科Myrtaceae	8 247 (11.52)
茜草科Rubiaceae	14 (6.67)	茜草科Rubiaceae	8 024 (11.20)
桑科Moraceae	11 (5.23)	野牡丹科Melastomataceae	5 398 (7.54)
山茶科Theaceae	9 (4.29)	大戟科Euphorbiaceae	5 114 (7.14)
桃金娘科Myrtaceae	9 (4.29)	杜鹃花科Ericaceae	4 860 (6.79)
冬青科Aquifoliaceae	8 (3.81)	紫金牛科Myrsinaceae	4 457 (6.22)
杜鹃花科Ericaceae	8 (3.81)	山茶科Theaceae	2 881 (4.02)
杜英科Elaeocarpaceae	6 (2.86)	蝶形花科Papilionaceae	2 791 (3.90)
蝶形花科Papilionaceae	5 (2.38)	壳斗科Fagaceae	2 604 (3.64)
总计 Total	111 (52.86)	总计 Total	58 441 (81.60)

分布区类型 Distribution area types	属数No. of genera	比率Rate (%)
1 世界分布Cosmopolitan	-	-
2 泛热带分布 Pantropic	37	31.09
3 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted	5	4.20
4 旧世界热带分布 Old World Tropic	18	15.12
5 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical Australasia	10	8.40
6 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	8	6.72
7 热带亚洲分布 Tropical Asia	29	24.37
热带成分(分布型2~7) Tropical elements	107	89.92
8 北温带分布 North Temperate	3	2.52
9 东亚和北美洲间断分布 East Asia and North America disjuncted	5	4.20
温带成分(分布型8~9) Temperate elements	8	6.72
10 旧世界温带分布 Old World Temperate	-	-
11 温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia	-	-
12 地中海区、西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranean, West Asia to Central Asia	-	-
13 中亚分布 Central Asia	-	-
14 东亚分布 East Asia	4	3.36
15 中国特有分布 Endemic to China	-	-
合计 Total	119	100.00

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20公顷样地群落特征研究

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF A 20 HM² LOWER SUBTROPICAL EVERGREEN BROADLEAVED FOREST PLOT IN DINGHUSHAN, CHINA

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物种名 Species	多度 Abundance	分枝数 Ramification	胸高断面积 Basal area (m²·hm^-2)	重要值 Important value
锥Castanopsis chinensis	2 311	546	9.304	12.3
木荷Schima superba	2 296	260	4.132	6.6
黄杞Engelhardtia roxburghiana	737	149	3.475	4.8
红枝蒲桃Syzygium rehderianum	5 990	347	0.879	4.7
广东金叶子Craibiodendron scleranthum var. kwangtungense	3 325	111	1.664	4.4
香楠Aidia canthioides	5 996	422	0.213	4.1
厚壳桂Cryptocarya chinensis	2 557	1 028	1.208	3.5
黄果厚壳桂Cryptocarya concinna	4 478	106	0.177	3.3
云南银柴Aporusa yunnanensis	3 747	378	0.436	3.0
罗伞树Ardisia quinquegona	3 702	503	0.076	2.8
柏拉木Blastus cochinchinensis	4 011	718	0.058	2.7
肖蒲桃Acmena acuminatissima	1 484	441	1.096	2.6
光叶红豆Ormosia glaberrima	2 702	116	0.288	2.2
黄叶树Xanthophyllum hainanense	1 873	160	0.359	2.0
滇粤山胡椒Lindera metcalfiana	2 118	369	0.190	1.9
肉实树Sarcosperma laurinum	1 576	146	0.330	1.9
华润楠Machilus chinensis	532	65	0.845	1.7
鼎湖钓樟Lindera chunii	1 302	1 016	0.151	1.5
谷木Memecylon ligustrifolium	1 263	74	0.092	1.4
小新木姜Neolitsea umbrosa	1 352	154	0.169	1.3
短序润楠Machilus breviflora	800	327	0.344	1.3
褐叶柄果木Mischocarpus pentapetalus	1 252	95	0.044	1.3
鱼骨木Canthium dicoccum	603	19	0.158	1.2
密花树Rapanea neriifoli	750	56	0.289	1.2
九节Psychotria rubra	908	54	0.016	1.2
毛缘杜鹃Rhododendron henryi var. concavum	810	208	0.278	1.1
马尾松Pinus massonian	169	6	0.700	1.0
岭南山竹子Garcinia oblongifolia	652	48	0.104	1.0
三花冬青Ilex triflora	642	28	0.234	1.0
其它Others	11 679	1 042	2.860	21.1
合计Total	71 617	8 992	30.167	100.0

种名 Species	个体数与比率 No. of individuals (Proportion %)
香楠Aidia canthioides	5 996 (8.37)
红枝蒲桃Syzygium rehderianum	5 990 (8.36)
黄果厚壳桂Cryptocarya concinna	4 478 (6.25)
柏拉木Blastus cochinchinensis	4 011 (5.60)
云南银柴Aporusa yunnanensis	3 747 (5.23)
罗伞树Ardisia quinquegona	3 702 (5.17)
广东金叶子Craibiodendron scleranthum var. kwangtungense	3 325 (4.64)
光叶红豆Ormosia glaberrima	2 702 (3.77)
厚壳桂Cryptocarya chinensis	2 556 (3.57)
锥Castanopsis chinensis	2 312 (3.23)
合计 Total	38 819 (54.20)

形成原因 Forming factors	物种数 Species number	比率 Proportion (%)
1. 物种特性 Species characteristics	49	44.54
区域稀有种 Rare in Lower Subtropical Area	32	29.09
鼎湖山分布较少 Rare in DHS Reserve	17	15.45
2. 区系交汇Floristic transitional zone	24	21.82
典型亚热带种类 Typical subtropical species	18	16.36
沟谷分布种 Ravine species	6	5.46
3. 干扰Disturbance	37	31.82
阳生性树种 Heliophytes species	19	17.27
中生性树种 Mesophyte species	16	14.55
果树 Fruit tree	2	1.82
合计 Total	110	100.00

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鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20公顷样地群落特征研究

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF A 20 HM2 LOWER SUBTROPICAL EVERGREEN BROADLEAVED FOREST PLOT IN DINGHUSHAN, CHINA

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COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF A 20 HM² LOWER SUBTROPICAL EVERGREEN BROADLEAVED FOREST PLOT IN DINGHUSHAN, CHINA