植物生态学报 ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 72-88.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.01.011
收稿日期:
2009-05-25
接受日期:
2009-07-13
出版日期:
2010-05-25
发布日期:
2010-01-01
通讯作者:
谭敦炎
作者简介:
* E-mail: tandunyan@163.com
TAN Dun-Yan*(), ZHANG Yang, WANG Ai-Bo
Received:
2009-05-25
Accepted:
2009-07-13
Online:
2010-05-25
Published:
2010-01-01
Contact:
TAN Dun-Yan
摘要:
地下结实和地上/下两型结实是被子植物两类独特的结实方式, 多发生在陆生和草本植物中, 主要生长在缺少水分或光照、土壤扰动频繁及环境波动较为剧烈的生境中。两种结实方式不仅是植物适应性进化的重要方面, 也是选择性进化的产物。其中, 地下结实对于植物在母株附近适宜微环境中保存后代、在极端环境下保持种子活力、逃避地面动物取食和火灾伤害以及延长果实发育时间等方面, 地上/下两型结实对于减少同胞子代及种群内竞争、维持和扩大种群以及提高物种的适应力和进化可塑性等方面, 都具有重要的生态适应意义, 是植物抵御不利生物与非生物环境的两类重要防御策略。但两种结实方式同时也存在着限制果实与种子扩散、影响基因传递与种群遗传结构、加大种群隔离以及提高繁殖代价等进化限制, 对物种的分布、种群增长、迁移、适合度和生活史进化等具有重要影响。目前, 地下和地上/下两型结实现象分别在大约24科57属和13科34属中进行了报道, 其中在菊科、十字花科、豆科和玄参科等类群中两种结实现象同时存在。从系统发育看, 地下结实在木兰分支、单子叶植物分支及双子叶植物分支中均存在, 而地上/下两型结实仅出现在单子叶植物分支和双子叶植物分支中, 在被子植物基部类群(ANITA类群)中两种结实方式均不存在。该文对植物地下和地上/下两型结实的类型、系统进化、繁殖特性和扩散对策进行了介绍, 并对其生态适应意义进行了总结, 以期为深入研究植物结实的进化策略提供参考。
谭敦炎, 张洋, 王爱波. 被子植物地下结实和地上/下两型结实的生态适应意义. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(1): 72-88. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.01.011
TAN Dun-Yan, ZHANG Yang, WANG Ai-Bo. A review of geocarpy and amphicarpy in angiosperms, with special reference to their ecological adaptive significance. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(1): 72-88. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.01.011
科 Family | 分类群 Taxon | 结实类型 Type of fruting | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
木兰分支 Magnoliids | |||
菌花科 Hydnoraceae | Hydnora africana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Hydnora esculenta | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Hydnora johannis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Hydnora triceps | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
单子叶植物分支 Monocots | |||
天南星科 Araceae | Biarum angustatum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Biarum bovei | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Biarum olivieri | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Biarum pyrami | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Stylochaeton | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
葱科 Alliaceae | Allium subgen. Chamaeprason | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae | Apodolirion | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Crocopsis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Crinum acaule | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Gethyllis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Haylockia pusilla | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Sternbergia colchiciflora | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Sternbergia clusiana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
仙茅科 Hypoxidaceae | Pauridia longituba | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
鸢尾科 Iridaceae | Babiana bainesii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Babiana hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Crocus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
白番红花 Crocus alatavicus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
番红花 Crocus sativus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Crocus vernus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Duthiastrum linifolium | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ixia acaulis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
若木力属 Romulea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Romulea stellata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea bifurcata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea concolor | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea derustensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea flanaganii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea longituba | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea pulchella | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea saxatilis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea unifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
百合科 Liliaceae | Bulbocodium | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
秋水仙属 Colchicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Merendera | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
鸭跖草科 Commelinaceae | 火柴头 Commelina benghalensis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Commelina forskalaei | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Commelina indehiscens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Commelina nudiflora | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Commelina virginica | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
莎草科 Cyperaceae | Bulbostylis densa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Bulbostylis glaberrima | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Bulbostylis humilis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Bulbostylis sphaerocarpa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Eleocharis caespitosissima | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus aberrans | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus articulatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus lateriflorus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus muricinux | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus perrieri | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus praelongatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus reducicus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
仰卧秆藨草 Scirpus supinus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trianoptiles capensis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trianoptiles solitari | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trianoptiles stipitata | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
禾本科 Poaceae | Amphicarpum floridanum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Amphicarpum purshii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Chloris chloridea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Eremitis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Enneapogon desvauxii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Libyella cyrenaica | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Microlaena polynoda | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Paspalum amphicarpum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
帚灯草科 Restionaceae | Alexgeorgea ganopoda | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Alexgeorgea nitens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Alexgeorgea subterranea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
姜科 Zingiberaceae | Aframomum atewae | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Aframomum leptolepis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Aframomum limbatum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Aframomum geocarpum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
双子叶植物分支 Eudicots | |||
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus cryptanthus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Ranunculus oreophytus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ranunculus stagnalis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
苋科 Amaranthaceae | 角果藜 Ceratocarpus arenarius | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
紫茉莉科 Nyctaginaceae | Okenia hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Okenia grandiflora | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Okenia parviflora | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Okenia rosei | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
蓼科 Polygonaceae | Emex australis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Emex spinosa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
戟叶蓼 Polygonum thunbergii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
蒺藜科 Zygophyllaceae | Tribulopis angustifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Tribulopis bicolor | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Tribulopis curvicarpa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Tribulopis pentandra | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Tribulopis solandri | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
秋海棠科 Begoniaceae | Begonia laporteifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae | Apatzingania arachoidea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Cucumis humofructus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Kedrostis psammophila | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
豆科 Fabaceae | Aeschynomene nematopoda | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Amphicarpaea africana | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Amphicarpaea bracteata | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
两型豆 Amphicarpaea edgeworthii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
线苞两型豆 Amphicarpaea linearis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Amphicarpaea monoica | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
锈毛两型豆 Amphicarpaea rufescens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
三籽两型豆 Amphicarpaea trisperma | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
落花生属 Arachis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
落花生 Arachis hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Astragalus hypogaeus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Centrosema rotundifolium | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Factorovskya aschersoniana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Galacita canescens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Kerstingiella geocarpa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Lathyrus amphicarpos | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus ciliolatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus hierosolymitanus var. amphicarpus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus hirticarpus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus setifolius var. amphicarpos | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Macrotyloma geocarpum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Medicago hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Phaseolus sublobatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Pisum fulvum var. amphicarpum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Tephrosia lupinifolia | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trifolium israeliticum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Trifolium subterraneum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Trifolium polymorphum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trifolium argentiense | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Vigna lanceolata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
贼小豆 Vigna minima | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Vigna subterranea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Voandzeia subterranea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
远志科 Polygalaceae | Polygala pauciflora | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Polygala polygama | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
堇菜科 Violaceae | 蓝花湿生堇菜 Viola cuculata | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Viola purpurea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Viola sciaphila | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
桑科 Moraceae | Ficus beccarii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Ficus megaleia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
平枝榕 Ficus prostrate | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
鸡素子榕 Ficus semicordata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus stolonifera | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus sur | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus uncinata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus trichoclada | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus vogeliana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
荨麻科 Urticaceae | Laportea ovalifolia | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Fleurya podocarpa var. amphicarpa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
十字花科 Brassicaceae | Cardamine chenopodifolia | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Geococcus pusillus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Lignariella hinkuensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Morisia monanthos | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
窄隔单花荠 Pegaeophyton angustiseptatum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
假簇芥 Pycnoplinthopsis bhutanica | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Raffenaldia platycarpa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Raffenaldia primuloides | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
须弥沟子荠 Taphrospermum himalaicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
报春花科 Primulaceae | Anagallis kingaensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Anagallis oligantha | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
紫草科 Boraginaceae | Euploca hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | Cephaelis densinerva | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Galium ankaratrense | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
车前科 Plantaginaceae | Callitriche pedunculata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
玄参科 Scrophulariaceae | Limosella africana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Limosella capensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Limosella macrantha | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Scrophularia arguta | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
旋花科 Convolvulaceae | Falkia repens | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Nephrophyllum abyssinicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
伞形科 Apiaceae | Trachydium abyssinicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
菊科 Asteraceae | Arctotheca populifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Catanche lutea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Gymnarrhena micrantha | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Haplocarpha nervosa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Haplocarpha rueppellii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Haplocarpha schimperi | 地下结实 Geocarpy |
表1 地下结实和地上/下两型结实植物在被子植物中的分布
Table 1 The angiosperms taxa with geocarpy and amphicarpy
科 Family | 分类群 Taxon | 结实类型 Type of fruting | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
木兰分支 Magnoliids | |||
菌花科 Hydnoraceae | Hydnora africana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Hydnora esculenta | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Hydnora johannis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Hydnora triceps | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
单子叶植物分支 Monocots | |||
天南星科 Araceae | Biarum angustatum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Biarum bovei | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Biarum olivieri | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Biarum pyrami | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Stylochaeton | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
葱科 Alliaceae | Allium subgen. Chamaeprason | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae | Apodolirion | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Crocopsis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Crinum acaule | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Gethyllis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Haylockia pusilla | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Sternbergia colchiciflora | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Sternbergia clusiana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
仙茅科 Hypoxidaceae | Pauridia longituba | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
鸢尾科 Iridaceae | Babiana bainesii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Babiana hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Crocus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
白番红花 Crocus alatavicus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
番红花 Crocus sativus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Crocus vernus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Duthiastrum linifolium | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ixia acaulis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
若木力属 Romulea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Romulea stellata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea bifurcata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea concolor | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea derustensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea flanaganii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea longituba | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea pulchella | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea saxatilis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Syringodea unifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
百合科 Liliaceae | Bulbocodium | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
秋水仙属 Colchicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Merendera | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
鸭跖草科 Commelinaceae | 火柴头 Commelina benghalensis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Commelina forskalaei | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Commelina indehiscens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Commelina nudiflora | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Commelina virginica | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
莎草科 Cyperaceae | Bulbostylis densa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Bulbostylis glaberrima | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Bulbostylis humilis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Bulbostylis sphaerocarpa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Eleocharis caespitosissima | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus aberrans | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus articulatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus lateriflorus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus muricinux | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus perrieri | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus praelongatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Scirpus reducicus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
仰卧秆藨草 Scirpus supinus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trianoptiles capensis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trianoptiles solitari | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trianoptiles stipitata | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
禾本科 Poaceae | Amphicarpum floridanum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Amphicarpum purshii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Chloris chloridea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Eremitis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Enneapogon desvauxii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Libyella cyrenaica | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Microlaena polynoda | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Paspalum amphicarpum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
帚灯草科 Restionaceae | Alexgeorgea ganopoda | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Alexgeorgea nitens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Alexgeorgea subterranea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
姜科 Zingiberaceae | Aframomum atewae | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Aframomum leptolepis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Aframomum limbatum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Aframomum geocarpum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
双子叶植物分支 Eudicots | |||
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus cryptanthus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Ranunculus oreophytus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ranunculus stagnalis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
苋科 Amaranthaceae | 角果藜 Ceratocarpus arenarius | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
紫茉莉科 Nyctaginaceae | Okenia hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Okenia grandiflora | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Okenia parviflora | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Okenia rosei | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
蓼科 Polygonaceae | Emex australis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Emex spinosa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
戟叶蓼 Polygonum thunbergii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
蒺藜科 Zygophyllaceae | Tribulopis angustifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Tribulopis bicolor | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Tribulopis curvicarpa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Tribulopis pentandra | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Tribulopis solandri | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
秋海棠科 Begoniaceae | Begonia laporteifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae | Apatzingania arachoidea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Cucumis humofructus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Kedrostis psammophila | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
豆科 Fabaceae | Aeschynomene nematopoda | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Amphicarpaea africana | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Amphicarpaea bracteata | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
两型豆 Amphicarpaea edgeworthii | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
线苞两型豆 Amphicarpaea linearis | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Amphicarpaea monoica | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
锈毛两型豆 Amphicarpaea rufescens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
三籽两型豆 Amphicarpaea trisperma | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
落花生属 Arachis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
落花生 Arachis hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Astragalus hypogaeus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Centrosema rotundifolium | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Factorovskya aschersoniana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Galacita canescens | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Kerstingiella geocarpa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Lathyrus amphicarpos | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus ciliolatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus hierosolymitanus var. amphicarpus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus hirticarpus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Lathyrus setifolius var. amphicarpos | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Macrotyloma geocarpum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Medicago hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Phaseolus sublobatus | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Pisum fulvum var. amphicarpum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Tephrosia lupinifolia | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trifolium israeliticum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Trifolium subterraneum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Trifolium polymorphum | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Trifolium argentiense | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Vigna lanceolata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
贼小豆 Vigna minima | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Vigna subterranea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Voandzeia subterranea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
远志科 Polygalaceae | Polygala pauciflora | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Polygala polygama | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
堇菜科 Violaceae | 蓝花湿生堇菜 Viola cuculata | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Viola purpurea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Viola sciaphila | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
桑科 Moraceae | Ficus beccarii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Ficus megaleia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
平枝榕 Ficus prostrate | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
鸡素子榕 Ficus semicordata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus stolonifera | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus sur | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus uncinata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus trichoclada | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Ficus vogeliana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
荨麻科 Urticaceae | Laportea ovalifolia | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Fleurya podocarpa var. amphicarpa | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
十字花科 Brassicaceae | Cardamine chenopodifolia | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | |
Geococcus pusillus | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Lignariella hinkuensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Morisia monanthos | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
窄隔单花荠 Pegaeophyton angustiseptatum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
假簇芥 Pycnoplinthopsis bhutanica | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Raffenaldia platycarpa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Raffenaldia primuloides | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
须弥沟子荠 Taphrospermum himalaicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
报春花科 Primulaceae | Anagallis kingaensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Anagallis oligantha | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
紫草科 Boraginaceae | Euploca hypogaea | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
茜草科 Rubiaceae | Cephaelis densinerva | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Galium ankaratrense | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
车前科 Plantaginaceae | Callitriche pedunculata | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
玄参科 Scrophulariaceae | Limosella africana | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Limosella capensis | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Limosella macrantha | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Scrophularia arguta | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
旋花科 Convolvulaceae | Falkia repens | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Nephrophyllum abyssinicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
伞形科 Apiaceae | Trachydium abyssinicum | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
菊科 Asteraceae | Arctotheca populifolia | 地下结实 Geocarpy | |
Catanche lutea | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Gymnarrhena micrantha | 地上/下两型结实 Amphicarpy | ||
Haplocarpha nervosa | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Haplocarpha rueppellii | 地下结实 Geocarpy | ||
Haplocarpha schimperi | 地下结实 Geocarpy |
图1 地下结实和地上/下两型结实植物在被子植物中的系统位置。A, 系统发育树参照Friedman和Ryerson (2009)。B, 系统发育树参照APG II (2003)。*, 代表具地下结实特性的科; ·, 代表具地上/下两型结实特性的科。数字表示具地下结实或两型结实特性的属的数目。
Fig. 1 Phylogenetic position of angiosperm taxa with geocarpy and amphicarpy. A, Phylogenetic diagram from Friedman & Ryerson (2009). B, Phylogenetic diagram from APG II (2003). *, showing family with geocarpy; ·, showing family with amphicarpy. Numeral adjacent to asterisk (*) or dot (·) = the number of genera with geocarpy or amphicarpy.
入土时间 Time of fruit entrance into the soil | 结实类型 Type of fruiting | 入土过程 Process by which fruits enter the soil | 类群 Taxon | 文献 References |
---|---|---|---|---|
前入土型 Pre-entrance | 地下芽-地下结实Geophytic-geocarpy | 下位子房不出土, 花被管伸长使花冠伸出地面以接受异花传粉, 花被管的伸长是细胞居间生长的结果 The hypogynous ovary is hypogeal. With the elongation of the perianth tube which results from the intercalary growth of cells, the corolla elevates above the soil surface and the cross-pollination occurs | Sternbergia clusiana | |
气生-两型结实 Aerial-amphicarpy | 地下花着生在根茎上, 闭花受精, 果实从分化到成熟终生埋在地下 The subterranean flower developed at the rhizome is cleistogamous, and the fruit is buried downward from differentiation to maturity | Amphicarpum purshii | ||
后入土型 Post-entrance | 主动地下结实 Active-geocarpy 两型-地下结实 Amphi-geocarpy | 地上花完成受精后通过子房柄向地生长, 把子房推入土中, 果实在地下完成发育直到成熟 After fertilization, the aerial flower grows geotropically by the elongation of the gynophore and the ovary is thereby pushed into the soil, the fruit develop into maturity in the soil | Arachis hypogaea; Amphicarpaea bracteata | |
两型-地下结实 Amphi-geocarpy | 地上花着生在根颈上, 开花受精后, 通过主根的收缩将子房拉入土中 After fertilization of the aerial flower which is developed at the root neck, the ovary is drawn into the soil by constriction of the taproot | Gymnarrhena micrantha; Emex spinosa | ||
被动-地下结实 Passive-geocarpy | 着生在植株基部的花发育成果实后, 在外力(如河水和风沙)的作用下埋入地下 After the flower produced at the base of plant developed into fruit, the fruit is buried into the soil by the force (e.g. flood and sand) | Arctotheca populifolia |
表2 地下结实和地上/下两型结实植物果实入土方式
Table 2 Patterns by which geocarpic and amphicarpic fruits enter the soil
入土时间 Time of fruit entrance into the soil | 结实类型 Type of fruiting | 入土过程 Process by which fruits enter the soil | 类群 Taxon | 文献 References |
---|---|---|---|---|
前入土型 Pre-entrance | 地下芽-地下结实Geophytic-geocarpy | 下位子房不出土, 花被管伸长使花冠伸出地面以接受异花传粉, 花被管的伸长是细胞居间生长的结果 The hypogynous ovary is hypogeal. With the elongation of the perianth tube which results from the intercalary growth of cells, the corolla elevates above the soil surface and the cross-pollination occurs | Sternbergia clusiana | |
气生-两型结实 Aerial-amphicarpy | 地下花着生在根茎上, 闭花受精, 果实从分化到成熟终生埋在地下 The subterranean flower developed at the rhizome is cleistogamous, and the fruit is buried downward from differentiation to maturity | Amphicarpum purshii | ||
后入土型 Post-entrance | 主动地下结实 Active-geocarpy 两型-地下结实 Amphi-geocarpy | 地上花完成受精后通过子房柄向地生长, 把子房推入土中, 果实在地下完成发育直到成熟 After fertilization, the aerial flower grows geotropically by the elongation of the gynophore and the ovary is thereby pushed into the soil, the fruit develop into maturity in the soil | Arachis hypogaea; Amphicarpaea bracteata | |
两型-地下结实 Amphi-geocarpy | 地上花着生在根颈上, 开花受精后, 通过主根的收缩将子房拉入土中 After fertilization of the aerial flower which is developed at the root neck, the ovary is drawn into the soil by constriction of the taproot | Gymnarrhena micrantha; Emex spinosa | ||
被动-地下结实 Passive-geocarpy | 着生在植株基部的花发育成果实后, 在外力(如河水和风沙)的作用下埋入地下 After the flower produced at the base of plant developed into fruit, the fruit is buried into the soil by the force (e.g. flood and sand) | Arctotheca populifolia |
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