植物生态学报 ›› 2005, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 304-310.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2005.0039
收稿日期:
2003-12-22
接受日期:
2003-12-22
出版日期:
2005-12-22
发布日期:
2005-03-10
通讯作者:
吴宁
作者简介:
*E-mail:wuning@cib.ac.cn基金资助:
SUN Geng, WU Ning*(), LUO Peng
Received:
2003-12-22
Accepted:
2003-12-22
Online:
2005-12-22
Published:
2005-03-10
Contact:
WU Ning
摘要:
川西北地区是我国的主要牧区之一。草地承包后, 草地建设中出现了各种草地经营管理方式———围栏、翻耕和完全的人工建设。采用常规化学分析和气压过程分离 (BarometricProcessSeparation, BaPS) 法, 对不同类型草地 (天然放牧草地、围栏草地、翻耕草地和人工草地 ) 的土壤氮、碳库以及反硝化速率、总硝化速率、N2 O和CO2 排放速率进行了研究。结果表明 :研究地点土壤有机质、全氮含量分别为 10 1.8和 5.1g·kg-1, 比典型的亚高山土壤有机质和全氮含量 (分别是 181.3和 7.4 g·kg-1) 明显低, 而且, 与通常的观念不同的是, 土壤NO3 - N含量是NH4+ N含量的 3~11倍。这可能是由于研究地过度的人为干扰造成的。研究还发现, 不同管理措施对土壤氮、碳库, 氮转化速率和土壤呼吸有显著影响。天然放牧草地围栏后, 土壤有机质和全氮含量明显升高, 比如, 围栏草地和翻耕草地的有机质、全氮含量分别比天然放牧草地高 6 1%、5 8%和 4 6 %、5 1%。氮转化速率和土壤呼吸大大加快, 尤其是在翻耕草地, 比如, 翻耕草地的总硝化速率和N2 O排放速率分别是天然放牧草地的 5.1和 2.4倍。因此, 虽然春季翻耕可能提高作物 (包括牧草 ) 产量, 但它同时也承担了巨大的生态学风险, 包括增加排放到大气中的CO2 和N2 O的量以及淋溶到地下水的NO3 -的量。因此, 建议在川西北亚高山区的人工草地建设中慎重选择翻耕措施。研究还发现, 研究地土壤的总硝化速率是净硝化速率的 2 0~ 93倍, 净硝化速率不能反映高海拔地区土壤硝化的准确状况。
孙庚, 吴宁, 罗鹏. 不同管理措施对川西北草地土壤氮和碳特征的影响. 植物生态学报, 2005, 29(2): 304-310. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2005.0039
SUN Geng, WU Ning, LUO Peng. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL NITROGEN AND CARBON OF PASTURES UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT IN NORTHWESTERN SICHUAN. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2005, 29(2): 304-310. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2005.0039
草地类型 Types of pasture | 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) | pH | 8月平均土壤温度 Soil mean temperature in August (℃) | 8月平均土壤含水量 Soil mean moisture in August (kg·kg-1) | 主要植物种类 Main plant species | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
天然放牧草地 Natural pasture | 1.344 | 6.42 | 13.3 | 0.31 | 丛生苔草 (Carex caespifosa) 、腋花马先蒿 (Pedicularis axillaris) 、多茎委陵菜 (Potentilla lancinata) | ||||||||||
围栏草地 Fenced pasture | 1.268 | 6.21 | 13.7 | 0.34 | 光盘早熟禾 (Poa elanataleng) 、腋花马先蒿 (Pedicularis axillaris) 、多茎委陵菜 (Potentilla lancinata) | ||||||||||
翻耕草地 Tilled pasture | 1.018 | 6.30 | 14.0 | 0.37 | 四齿蚤缀 (Arenaria quadridentata) 、腋花马先蒿 (Pedicularis axillaris) 、多茎委陵菜 (Potentilla lancinata) | ||||||||||
人工草地 Artificial pasture | 1.185 | 6.25 | 16.5 | 0.32 | 垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutans |
表1 研究地点的土壤和植被
Table 1 Vegetation and soil characteristics of study area
草地类型 Types of pasture | 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) | pH | 8月平均土壤温度 Soil mean temperature in August (℃) | 8月平均土壤含水量 Soil mean moisture in August (kg·kg-1) | 主要植物种类 Main plant species | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
天然放牧草地 Natural pasture | 1.344 | 6.42 | 13.3 | 0.31 | 丛生苔草 (Carex caespifosa) 、腋花马先蒿 (Pedicularis axillaris) 、多茎委陵菜 (Potentilla lancinata) | ||||||||||
围栏草地 Fenced pasture | 1.268 | 6.21 | 13.7 | 0.34 | 光盘早熟禾 (Poa elanataleng) 、腋花马先蒿 (Pedicularis axillaris) 、多茎委陵菜 (Potentilla lancinata) | ||||||||||
翻耕草地 Tilled pasture | 1.018 | 6.30 | 14.0 | 0.37 | 四齿蚤缀 (Arenaria quadridentata) 、腋花马先蒿 (Pedicularis axillaris) 、多茎委陵菜 (Potentilla lancinata) | ||||||||||
人工草地 Artificial pasture | 1.185 | 6.25 | 16.5 | 0.32 | 垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutans |
草地类型 Types of pasture | 7月 July | 8月 August | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有机质SOM (g·kg-1) | 全氮Total N (g·kg-1) | C/N | NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) | NO3--N (mg·kg-1) | NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) | NO3--N (mg·kg-1) | |
天然放牧草地 Natural pasture | 69.71 ±3.40d | 3.74 ±0.008c | 10.81 | 1.08 ±0.03b | 13.27 ±1.30b | 4.37 ±0.11b | 20.82 ±8.39a |
围栏草地 Fenced pasture | 112.39 ±3.04b | 5.92 ±0.02b | 11.01 | 1.95 ±0.08a | 9.23 ±0.81c | 5.25 ±0.03a | 23.85 ±0.24a |
翻耕草地 Tilled pasture | 102.00 ±8.71c | 5.65 ±0.002b | 10.47 | 2.14 ±0.04a | 6.79 ±0.53d | 4.80 ±0.01a | 20.85 ±0.86a |
人工草地 Artificial pasture | 144.64 ±0.75a | 11.51 ±0.007a | 7.29 | 2.29 ±0.007a | 20.44 ±0.32a | 5.42 ±0.03a | 22.90 ±1.79a |
表2 7月和8月不同管理措施草地的有机质、全氮、NH4+-N、NO3--N含量
Table 2 Soil organic matter (SOM), total N, NH4+-N and NO3--N of pastures under different managements in July and August
草地类型 Types of pasture | 7月 July | 8月 August | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
有机质SOM (g·kg-1) | 全氮Total N (g·kg-1) | C/N | NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) | NO3--N (mg·kg-1) | NH4+-N (mg·kg-1) | NO3--N (mg·kg-1) | |
天然放牧草地 Natural pasture | 69.71 ±3.40d | 3.74 ±0.008c | 10.81 | 1.08 ±0.03b | 13.27 ±1.30b | 4.37 ±0.11b | 20.82 ±8.39a |
围栏草地 Fenced pasture | 112.39 ±3.04b | 5.92 ±0.02b | 11.01 | 1.95 ±0.08a | 9.23 ±0.81c | 5.25 ±0.03a | 23.85 ±0.24a |
翻耕草地 Tilled pasture | 102.00 ±8.71c | 5.65 ±0.002b | 10.47 | 2.14 ±0.04a | 6.79 ±0.53d | 4.80 ±0.01a | 20.85 ±0.86a |
人工草地 Artificial pasture | 144.64 ±0.75a | 11.51 ±0.007a | 7.29 | 2.29 ±0.007a | 20.44 ±0.32a | 5.42 ±0.03a | 22.90 ±1.79a |
草地类型 Types of pasture | 反硝化速率 Denitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | 总硝化速率 Gross nitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | N2O排放速率 N2O flux rate (g N2O·kg-1·d-1) | CO2排放速率 CO2 flux rate (g CO2·kg-1·d-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
天然放牧草地Natural pasture | 2.54±1.06c | 6.66±0.38d | 0.005 1±0.001 9b | 0.23±0.13d |
围栏草地Fenced pasture | 3.42±0.54b | 7.40±1.20c | 0.007 0±0.003 6b | 0.69±0.42c |
翻耕草地Tilled pasture | 5.99±1.18a | 33.92±3.76a | 0.012±0.004 9a | 2.73±0.60a |
人工草地Artificial grassland | 3.66±0.96b | 9.44±1.52b | 0.007 4±0.003 7b | 1.76±0.34b |
表3 不同管理措施草地土壤的反硝化、总硝化、N2O和CO2的排放速率
Table 3 Denitrification, gross nitrification, N2O and CO2 flux rates of pasture under different management methods
草地类型 Types of pasture | 反硝化速率 Denitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | 总硝化速率 Gross nitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | N2O排放速率 N2O flux rate (g N2O·kg-1·d-1) | CO2排放速率 CO2 flux rate (g CO2·kg-1·d-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
天然放牧草地Natural pasture | 2.54±1.06c | 6.66±0.38d | 0.005 1±0.001 9b | 0.23±0.13d |
围栏草地Fenced pasture | 3.42±0.54b | 7.40±1.20c | 0.007 0±0.003 6b | 0.69±0.42c |
翻耕草地Tilled pasture | 5.99±1.18a | 33.92±3.76a | 0.012±0.004 9a | 2.73±0.60a |
人工草地Artificial grassland | 3.66±0.96b | 9.44±1.52b | 0.007 4±0.003 7b | 1.76±0.34b |
图1 不同管理措施草地的土壤反硝化速率 A:天然放牧地Natural pasture B:围栏草地Fenced pasture C:翻耕草地Tilled pasture D:人工草地Artificial grassland
Fig.1 Denitrification rate of pastures under different managements
草地类型 Types of pasture | 总硝化速率 Gross nitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | 净硝化速率 Net nitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
天然放牧地Natural pasture | 6.66±0.38 | 0.25±0.32 | ||
围栏草地Fenced pasture | 7.40±1.20 | 0.08±0.04 | ||
翻耕草地Tilled pasture | 33.92±3.76 | 0.49±0.05 | ||
人工草地Artificial grassland | 9.44±1.52 | 0.47±0.07 |
表4 总硝化速率和净硝化速率的比较
Table 4 Comparison of gross nitrification and net nitrification rate of pastures under different managements
草地类型 Types of pasture | 总硝化速率 Gross nitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | 净硝化速率 Net nitrification rate (mg N·kg-1·d-1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
天然放牧地Natural pasture | 6.66±0.38 | 0.25±0.32 | ||
围栏草地Fenced pasture | 7.40±1.20 | 0.08±0.04 | ||
翻耕草地Tilled pasture | 33.92±3.76 | 0.49±0.05 | ||
人工草地Artificial grassland | 9.44±1.52 | 0.47±0.07 |
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