HIGH SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION ENHANCED INVASIVENESS OF ALTERNANTHERA PHILOXEROIDES

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2007.0086

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Plants show phenotypic plasticity in response to changing environments via variations of morphological and ecophysiological traits, and this plasticity can increase invasiveness. Plasticity, rather than genetic diversity, made Alternanthera philoxeroides more invasive, but its plasticity to sediment phosphorus concentration of invaded habitats was undocumented. This study addresses plasticity of A. philoxeroides to sediment phosphorus concentration and planting density and whether plasticity increases invasiveness.
Methods In a controlled factorial experiment, we grew artificial populations of A. philoxeroides at low and high densities (four and eight individuals per container, respectively) under three levels (low, median, high) of sediment phosphorus concentrations. All plants were harvested after six weeks, and dry mass of leaves, stems and roots were measured.
Important findings Under low planting density, leaf mass and number, stem mass and length, branch number, and total biomass of A. philoxeroides were larger at high than low or median sediment phosphorus concentration. Under high planting density, leaf number, stem length and special stem length were greater at high than at low or median sediment phosphorus concentration. Leaf, stem, root and total phosphorus concentrations in A. philoxeroides increased significantly with increasing the sediment phosphorus concentration. Leaf mass ratio was also affected by sediment phosphorus concentration, and stem mass, special stem length, leaf and total phosphorus concentration were significantly affected by planting density. Results imply that morphological and ecophysiological traits of A. philoxeroides were altered by sediment phosphorus concentration and that high sediment phosphorus may strengthen the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides.

Key words: phenotypic plasticity, sediment phosphorus, planting density, invasiveness, clonal growth, Alternanthera philoxeroides

SHEN Rui-Ling, GUAN Bao-Hua, CAI Ying, AN Shu-Qing, JIANG Jin-Hui, DONG Lei. HIGH SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION ENHANCED INVASIVENESS OF ALTERNANTHERA PHILOXEROIDES[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2007, 31(4): 665-672.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2007.0086

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2007/V31/I4/665

Figures/Tables 5

References 37

[1]	Bakker J, Wilson S (2001). Competitive abilities of introduced and native grasses. Plant Ecology, 157, 117-125.
[2]	Barreto R, Charudattan R, Pomella A, Hanada R (2000). Biological control of neotropical aquatic weeds with fungi. Crop Protection, 19, 697-703. DOI URL
[3]	Bradshaw AD (1965). Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Advances in Genetics, 13, 115-155.
[4]	Callaway RM, Aschehoug ET (2000). Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion. Science, 290, 521-523. DOI URL PMID
[5]	Cheng YX, Zhang WJ, Fu CZ, Lu BR (2003). Genetic diversity of alligator weed in China by RAPD analysis. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12, 637-645. DOI URL
[6]	Dewitt TJ, Andrew S, David SW (1998). Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity. Trees, 13, 77-81.
[7]	Dietz H, Køhler A, Ullmann I (2002). Regeneration growth of the invasive clonal forb Rorippa austriaca (Brassicaceae) in relation to fertilization and interspecific competition. Plant Ecology, 158, 171-182. DOI URL
[8]	Dong M, de Kroon H (1994). Plasticity in morphology and biomass allocation in Cynodon dactvlon, a grass species forming stolons and rhizomes. Oikos, 70, 99-106. DOI URL
[9]	Dong M, During HJ, Werger MJA (1997). Clonal plasticity in response to nutrient availability in the pseudoannual herb, Trientalis europeae L. Plant Ecology, 131, 233-239. DOI URL
[10]	Earle TT, Riess K, Hidalgo J (1951). Tracer studies with alligator weed using 2,4-D-C14. Science, 114, 695-696. DOI URL PMID
[11]	Eggler WA (1953). The use of 2,4-D in the control of water hyacinth and alligator weed in the Mississippi delta, with certain ecological implications. Ecology, 34, 409-414. DOI URL
[12]	Fransen B, Blijjenberg J, de Kroon H (1999). Root morphological and physiological plasticity of perennial grass species and the exploitation of spatial and temporal heterogeneous nutrient patches. Plant and Soil, 211, 179-189. DOI URL
[13]	Gaudet JJ (1975). Mineral concentrations in papyrus in various African swamps. Journal of Ecology, 63, 483-491. DOI URL
[14]	Geng YP (耿宇鹏), Zhang WJ (张文驹), Li B (李博), Chen JK (陈家宽) (2004). Phenotypic plasticity and invasiveness of alien plants. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 12, 447-455. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	Guan BH (关保华), Ge Y (葛滢), Fan MY (樊梅英), Niu XY (牛晓音), Lu Y (卢毅), Chang J (常杰) (2003). Phenotypic plasticity of growth and morphology in Mosla chinensis responds to diverse relative soil water content. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 23, 259-263. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]	He WM, Dong M (2003). Plasticity in physiology and growth of Salix matsudana in response to simulated atmospheric temperature rise in the Mu Us Sandland. Photosynthetica, 41, 297-300. DOI URL
[17]	Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP (1977). Distribution and Biology. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 609.
[18]	Hunt KW (1943). Floating mats on a southeastern coastal plain reservoir. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 70, 481-488. DOI URL
[19]	Hunt R (1978). Plant Growth Analysis. Edward Arnold, London.
[20]	Longstreth DJ, Mason CB (1984). The effect of light on growth and dry matter allocation patterns of Lternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Botanical Gazette, 145, 105-109. DOI URL
[21]	Longstreth DJ, Bolanos JA, Goddard RH (1985). Photosynthetic rate and mesophyll surface area in expanding leaves of Alternanthera philoxeroides growth at two light levels. American Journal of Botany, 72, 14-19. DOI URL
[22]	Maddox DM, Andres LA, Hennessey RD, Blackburn RD, Spencer NR (1971). Insects to control alligator weed: an invader of aquatic ecosystems in the United States. BioScience, 21, 985-991. DOI URL
[23]	Pigliucci M (2001). Phenotypic Plastcitity: Beyond Nature and Nurture. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, London,
[24]	Sainty G, McCorkelle G, Julien M (1998). Control and spread of alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb, in Australia: lessons for other regions. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 5, 195-201. DOI URL
[25]	Schooler S, Baron Z, Julien M (2006). Effect of simulated and actual herbivory on alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, growth and reproduction. Biological Control, 36, 74-79. DOI URL
[26]	Schroeder MS, Janos DP (2004). Phosphorus and intraspecific density alter plant responses to Arbuscular mycorrhizas. Plant and Soil, 264, 335-348. DOI URL
[27]	Spector T, Putz FE (2006). Biomechanical plasticity facilitates invasion of maritime forest in the southern USA by Brazilian pepper ( Schinus terebinthifolius). Biological Invasions, 8, 255-260. DOI URL
[28]	Sultan SE, Bazzaz FA (1993). Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. Ⅲ. The evolution of ecological breadth for nutrient environment. Evolution, 47, 1050-1071. DOI URL PMID
[29]	Sultan SE (2001). Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history. Trends in Plant Science, 5, 537-542. DOI URL PMID
[30]	Vojtíšková L, Munzarová E, Votrubová A, Řihová A, Juřicová B, (2004). Growth and biomass allocation of sweet flag ( Acorus calamus L.) under different nutrient conditions. Hydrobiologia, 518, 9-22. DOI URL
[31]	Xie YH, An SQ, Yao X, Xiao KY, Zhang C (2005). Short-time response in root morphology of Vallisneria natans to sediment type and water-column nutrient. Aquatic Botany, 81, 85-96. DOI URL
[32]	Xie YH, An SQ, Wu BF, Wang WW (2006). Density-dependent root morphology and root distribution in the submerged plant Vallisneria natans. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 57, 195-200. DOI URL
[33]	Xu CY, Zhang WJ, Fu CZ, Lu BR (2003). Genetic diversity of alligator weed in China by RAPD analysis. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12, 637-645. DOI URL
[34]	Xu KY, Ye WH, Cao HL, Deng X, Yang QH, Zhang Y (2004). The role of diversity and functional traits of species in community invasibility. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 45, 149-157.
[35]	Xu KY (许凯扬), Ye WH (叶万辉), Cao HL (曹洪麟), Huang ZL (黄忠良) (2004). An experimental study on the relationship between biodiversity and invasibility of plant communities. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报), 28, 385-391. (in Chinese with English abstract).
[36]	Xu KY (许凯扬), Ye WH (叶万辉), Li J (李静), Li GM (李国民) (2005). Phenotypic plasticity in response to soil nutrients in the invasive species Alternanthera philoxeroides. Ecology and Environment (生态环境), 14, 723-726. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[37]	Ye WH, Li J, Cao HL, Ge XJ (2003). Genetic uniformity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in South China. Weed Research, 43, 297-302. DOI URL

植株密度 Planting density	底泥磷浓度处理 Sediment phosphorus concentration (mg·g^-1)
植株密度 Planting density	低 Low 27.56 ± 0.78	中 Medium 52.85 ± 1.30	高 High 115.61 ± 2.72
低(4株·桶^-1) Low (4 individuals per container)	LSP-LPD	MSP-LPD	HSP-LPD
高(8株·桶^-1) High (8 individuals per container)	LSP-HPD	MSP-HPD	HSP-HPD

植株密度 Planting density	底泥磷浓度处理 Sediment phosphorus concentration (mg·g^-1)
植株密度 Planting density	低 Low 27.56 ± 0.78	中 Medium 52.85 ± 1.30	高 High 115.61 ± 2.72
低(4株·桶^-1) Low (4 individuals per container)	LSP-LPD	MSP-LPD	HSP-LPD
高(8株·桶^-1) High (8 individuals per container)	LSP-HPD	MSP-HPD	HSP-HPD

参数 Dependent variables	底泥磷浓度 Sediment P concentration (df=2)		植株密度 Planting density (df=1)		交互作用 Interaction (df=2)
参数 Dependent variables	F	p	F	p	F	p
叶重 Leaf mass	2.466	0.124	0.001	0.978	1.756	0.211
叶重比 Leaf mass ratio	3.873	0.048	3.614	0.080	0.430	0.659
叶数 Leaf number	3.916	0.047	0.496	0.494	1.050	0.378
茎重 Stem mass	1.890	0.190	5.261	0.039^*	7.820	0.006
茎重比 Stem mass ratio	1.767	0.210	3.218	0.096	0.701	0.514
茎长 Stem length	7.938	0.006	0.003	0.958	6.680	0.010
茎直径 Stem basal diameter	1.038	0.382	0.496	0.494	6.804	0.010
比茎长 Stem special length	0.509	0.613	4.720	0.049	4.054	0.043
分枝数 Number of branches	2.192	0.151	3.805	0.073	5.400	0.020
根重 Root mass	1.260	0.316	1.748	0.209	2.706	0.104
根重比 Root mass ratio	1.137	0.351	0.009	0.925	0.092	0.913
根冠比 Root/shoot	1.287	0.309	0.000	0.994	0.108	0.899
根数 Root number	1.586	0.242	0.933	0.352	0.674	0.526
地上重 Above-ground mass	1.186	0.336	3.341	0.091	6.757	0.010
总重 Total mass	1.236	0.323	3.171	0.098	6.107	0.014
叶磷含量 Leaf P concentration	255.010	<0.001	17.734	0.006	5.316	0.047
茎磷含量 Stem P concentration	111.116	<0.001	0.317	0.594	1.032	0.412
根磷含量 Root P concentration	2.806	0.138	3.265	0.121	0.106	0.390
总磷含量Total plant P concentration	32.482	<0.001	8.085	0.029	2.733	0.143

参数 Dependent variables	底泥磷浓度 Sediment P concentration (df=2)		植株密度 Planting density (df=1)		交互作用 Interaction (df=2)
参数 Dependent variables	F	p	F	p	F	p
叶重 Leaf mass	2.466	0.124	0.001	0.978	1.756	0.211
叶重比 Leaf mass ratio	3.873	0.048	3.614	0.080	0.430	0.659
叶数 Leaf number	3.916	0.047	0.496	0.494	1.050	0.378
茎重 Stem mass	1.890	0.190	5.261	0.039^*	7.820	0.006
茎重比 Stem mass ratio	1.767	0.210	3.218	0.096	0.701	0.514
茎长 Stem length	7.938	0.006	0.003	0.958	6.680	0.010
茎直径 Stem basal diameter	1.038	0.382	0.496	0.494	6.804	0.010
比茎长 Stem special length	0.509	0.613	4.720	0.049	4.054	0.043
分枝数 Number of branches	2.192	0.151	3.805	0.073	5.400	0.020
根重 Root mass	1.260	0.316	1.748	0.209	2.706	0.104
根重比 Root mass ratio	1.137	0.351	0.009	0.925	0.092	0.913
根冠比 Root/shoot	1.287	0.309	0.000	0.994	0.108	0.899
根数 Root number	1.586	0.242	0.933	0.352	0.674	0.526
地上重 Above-ground mass	1.186	0.336	3.341	0.091	6.757	0.010
总重 Total mass	1.236	0.323	3.171	0.098	6.107	0.014
叶磷含量 Leaf P concentration	255.010	<0.001	17.734	0.006	5.316	0.047
茎磷含量 Stem P concentration	111.116	<0.001	0.317	0.594	1.032	0.412
根磷含量 Root P concentration	2.806	0.138	3.265	0.121	0.106	0.390
总磷含量Total plant P concentration	32.482	<0.001	8.085	0.029	2.733	0.143