Seasonal stem radial growth of Castanopsis hystrix plantation and its response to climatic factors in Guangxi, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2023.0192

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Growth-induced irreversible stem expansion (GROrate) and tree water deficit-induced stem shrinkage (TWD) reflect the responding characteristics of trees to environmental change, which are affected by different factors, so that their responses to environmental factors are different. Knowledge of radial growth dynamics and its response to environmental factors is crucial for understanding the tree growth and physiological characteristics to climate change.

Methods Dendrometer was used to record the radial growth process of Castanopsis hystrix from 2018 to 2020, and climatic factors were measured simultaneously. The main goal of this study was to analyze GROrate and TWD dynamics and its relationship with environmental factors.

Important findings The radial growth of C. hystrix began from March 4 to April 1, ended from September 23 to November 5, and the maximum growth rates occurred from May 31 to June 8. Within the growing period, growth was intermittent, and the actual growing days accounted for 47.8%-74.1% of the whole growing season. The longer the growing period, the more days with growth occurred. On the diurnal scale, the GROrate was positively related with relative humidity (RH), precipitation (P), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during the main growing period (April to September). However, the negative correlation was observed between TWD and above mentioned factors. The 21-day sliding correlation showed that vapor pressure deficit (VPD), P and RH were the key factors affecting radial growth of C. hystrix in most time of the growing season from 2018 to 2020. On the monthly scale, the GROrate was highly synchronized with the monthly rainfall events, while TWD was synchronized with the dry period. Taken together, these results showed that the radial changes of C. hystrix is primarily responsive to moisture-related environmental factors. This finding will help to better predict the growth response of forest dynamics under climate change.

Key words: radial variation dynamics, environmental response, tree water deficit, dendrometer, Castanopsis hystrix, subtropics

LIU Shi-Ling, YANG Bao-Guo, ZHENG Lu, SHU Wei-Wei, MIN Hui-Lin, ZHANG Pei, LI Hua, YANG Kun, ZHOU Bing-Jiang, TIAN Zu-Wei. Seasonal stem radial growth of Castanopsis hystrix plantation and its response to climatic factors in Guangxi, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(8): 1021-1034.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2023.0192

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2024/V48/I8/1021

Figures/Tables 14

Table 1 Basic information of Castanopsis hystrix plots (mean ± SE, n = 68)

平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	平均树高 Mean H (m)	平均枝下高 Mean Hc (m)	平均胸高断面积 Mean basal area (cm²)	平均冠幅 Mean CD (m)
18.12 ± 2.35	15.66 ± 1.42	6.44 ± 2.06	267.70 ± 74.35	3.30 ± 0.67

Fig. 1 Size structure of Castanopsis hystrix plantation in Guangxi.

Fig. 2 Extracting growth-induced irreversible stem expansion and tree water deficit-induced stem shrinkage (TWD) from hourly recorded stem radius variation (SRV). A is hourly measured SRV during12 to 25 May 2018 (black line). The purple line is based on the ZG concept (Zweifel, 2016) which assumes no growth-induced irreversible expansion (GRO) during periods of stem shrinkage (= periods of TWD). Shaded areas indicate periods of GRO (when TWD is zero).

Fig. 3 Changes of air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), precipitation (P), relative humidity (RH) and vapor pressure factor (VPD) in Guangxi Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem Research Station from 2018 to 2020. Tave, average air temperature; Tmax, maximum air temperature; Tmin, minimum air temperature.

Fig. 4 Cumulative daily stem radius variations (SRV), tree water deficit (TWD), daily growth-induced irreversible stem expansion (GROrate) and daily stem growth rates of Castanopsis hystrix from 2018 to 2020. C, Daily sums of growth-induced irreversible stem expansion calculated from a zero-growth (ZG) model (Zweifel, 2016). D, Daily stem growth rates of C. hystrix modeled with a Gompertz function for the years 2018-2020. Shaded areas indicate the standard error of the mean.

Fig. 5 Timing of growth onset and cessation, maximum growth rate and annual growth from 2018 to 2020 of Castanopsis hystrix in Guangxi. The boxplots show medians, the 25% and 75% quartiles, minimum and maximum values. ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05. DOY, day of the year.

Table 2 Characteristics of the seasonal growth patterns of Castanopsis hystrix during 2018-2020 (mean ± SE, n = 4)

	2018	2019	2020
生长开始时间 Start day of growth (DOY)	92 ± 10.3	63 ± 2.0	82 ± 11.5
生长结束时间 End day of growth (DOY)	298 ± 18.3	309 ± 16.1	266 ± 26.1
生长季长度 Growth season duration (d)	207 ± 16.4	247 ± 10.4	186 ± 19.7
最大生长速率出现时间 Day of maximum growth (DOY)	156 ± 5.5	159 ± 24.5	151 ± 8.7
最大生长速率 Maximum growth rate (μm)	23.4 ± 5.7	30.1 ± 5.2	21.2 ± 5.0
年生长量 Annual growth (mm)	4.4 ± 1.1	7.9 ± 1.9	4.0 ± 1.2

Table 3 Growth-induced irreversible stem expansion and tree water deficit in dry and wet seasons during 2018-2020 of Castanopsis hystrix in Guangxi (mean ± SE, n = 4)

年份 Year	径向生长量 GROrate (μm·d^-1)		树木水分亏缺 TWD (μm)
年份 Year	干季 Dry season	湿季 Wet season	干季 Dry season	湿季 Wet season
2018	4.68 ± 2.98^b	23.69 ± 20.60^ab	31.82 ± 22.03^b	7.14 ± 4.08^b
2019	13.14 ± 9.59^a	27.63 ± 25.82^a	27.26 ± 14.94^c	7.59 ± 1.52^b
2020	2.84 ± 1.88^b	20.50 ± 15.86^b	48.08 ± 37.76^a	33.12 ± 26.13^a

Fig. 6 Correlation coefficients between normalized daily growth-induced irreversible stem expansion (GROrate), and tree water deficit-induced stem shrinkage (TWD) corresponding environmental variables for the years 2018-2020 of Castanopsis hystrix in Guangxi. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. P, precipitation; PAR, photosynthetic active radiation; RH, relative humidity; SWC10, soil water content at 10 cm depth; Tave, mean air temperature; Tmax, maximum air temperature; Tmin, minimum air temperature; TS10, soil temperature at 10 cm depth; VPD, vapor pressure deficit.

Fig. 7 Comparison between monthly sums of precipitation and monthly sums of daily growth-induced irreversible stem expansion (GROrate), and monthly sums of daily tree water deficit (TWD) of Castanopsis hystrix (mean ± SE).

Fig. 8 Moving-window correlations (21 days window) between normalized growth-induced irreversible stem expansion (GROrate) and tree water deficit (TWD) of Castanopsis hystrix in Guangxi, and the main environmental factors. Gray dashed lines represent the significance at the 0.05 level. The discontinuous line is caused by consecutive zero values. P, precipitation; PAR, photosynthetic active radiation; RH, relative humidity; SWC10, soil water content at 10 cm depth; Tmax, maximum air temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit.

Fig. 9 Principal component (PC) analysis of normalized growth-induced irreversible stem expansion (GROrate) and tree water deficit (TWD) and environmental factors during the main growing seasons of Castanopsis hystrix in Guangxi. P, precipitation; PAR, photosynthetic active radiation; RH, relative humidity; SWC, soil water content at 10 cm depth; Tave, mean air temperature; Tmax, maximum air temperature; Tmin, minimum air temperature; TS10, soil temperature at 10 cm depth; VPD, vapor pressure deficit.

Fig. 10 Changes in precipitation and soil water content at 10 cm depth during 2 to 19 May 2019.

Table 4 Characteristics of precipitation events and dry periods of 2020 (mean precipitation sum was calculated independent from the mean duration of the events)

降水指标 Precipitation index		6月 June	7月 July	8月 August
平均降水量 Mean precipitation sum per event (mm)		11.0	14.3	9.5
平均持续时间 Mean duration of precipitation events (h)		5.2	5.0	5.7
平均降雨强度 Mean intensity per event (mm·h^-1)		3.5	2.9	1.8
不同降水量级事件数 Number of events per amount class	5.0-9.9 mm	2.0	-	5.0
不同降水量级事件数 Number of events per amount class	10.0-19.9 mm	3.0	1.0	2.0
降雨事件总数 Total number of precipitation events		5.0	1.0	7.0
至少7天无降雨的干旱期 Dry periods with at least 7 days without precipitation
最长持续时间 Maximum duration (d)		11.0	26.0	14.0
平均持续时间 Mean duration (d)		10.0	26.0	12.5
干旱次数 Total number of dry periods		2.0	1.0	2.0

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