Water uptake and niche characteristics of neighboring plants for arbors and shrubs under different rainfall conditions in a rocky mountainous area, Beijing

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0057

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Our study aims to explore water usage strategies and the competitive or complementary relationships among neighboring arboreal and shrubby plants within the same stand under diverse rainfall conditions. Through an analysis of soil water absorption and water niche characteristics of these neighboring plants, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and management in the rocky mountainous areas, Beijing.

Methods Xylem samples were collected from trees including Robinia pseudoacacia, Koelreuteria paniculata, and Platycladus orientalis, as well as from the shrub Vitex negundo. Additionally, samples of soil, groundwater, and rainwater were gathered both before and 1-4 days following different types of rainfall events: light rain during a dry period, moderate rain during a wet period, and rainstorms during a dry period. These samples were analyzed to examine the characteristics and dynamic changes of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ²H and δ¹⁸O). The MixSIAR model was employed to determine the contribution rates of groundwater and soil water from different soil layers to various plant species. Furthermore, water niche width and niche overlap were assessed using the Levins index and Levins overlap formula, respectively.

Important findings The results indicate that soil water content, δ²H and δ¹⁸O, water absorption depth, and niche characteristics of neighboring arboreal and shrubby plants were significantly influenced by the types of rainfall. Following light rainfall during a dry period, shrubs exhibited heightened sensitivity to precipitation, shifting their water source from deep soil to upper soil layers, while arboreal species predominantly relied on groundwater. After moderate rainfall during a wet period, arboreal and shrubby plants from different forest types primarily absorbed water from soil layers within the 0-40 cm depth range. Rainstorms during a dry period altered the water utilization strategies of arboreal and shrubby plants, with shrubs predominantly sourcing water from the 0-40 cm soil layers, while arboreal species exhibited more uniform water uptake across different soil layers. The niche width of R. pseudoacacia and K. paniculata was lower compared to corresponding shrubs before and after light rainfall during a dry period, whereas the niche width of K. paniculata exceeded that of understory shrubs both before and after rainstorms during dry periods. Platycladus orientalis and understory shrubs exhibited similar responses to different types of rainfall, with the niche width of P. orientalisexperiencing a sharp increase on the first day following rain, while that of shrubs spiked on the second day post-rainfall. For the dry period before light rainfall, there was a substantial overlap in the water niche between R. pseudoacaciaand understory shrubs, which diminished with an increase in the number of rainfall days thereafter. Except for the dry period before light rainfall, arboreal and shrubby plants demonstrated distinct water utilization strategies across different types of rainfall, thus mitigating water competition between them.

Key words: rainfall, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes, water use strategy, water niche characteristic

ZHOU Hong-Juan, LIU Zi-He, LIU Ke-Yan, ZHANG Chu-Rui, HU Xu, HAN Lu, CHEN Li-Xin. Water uptake and niche characteristics of neighboring plants for arbors and shrubs under different rainfall conditions in a rocky mountainous area, Beijing[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2024, 48(9): 1089-1103.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0057

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2024/V48/I9/1089

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Basic information of typical forest trees in a rocky mountainous area in Beijing (mean ± SD)

林型 Forest type	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Slope (°)	坡向 Slope aspect	密度 Density (tree·hm^-2)	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	树高 Tree height (m)	林下灌木 Shrub	灌木高 Shrub height (m)	灌木生物量Shrub biomass (t·hm^-2)
RP	146.67	17	东北 Northeast	650	19.36 ± 3.25	9.34 ± 1.36	荆条 Vitex negundo	0.91 ± 0.14	1.59 ± 0.18
KP	155.29	15	东北 Northeast	700	8.64 ± 6.36	9.48 ± 1.23	荆条 Vitex negundo	0.75 ± 0.18	1.42 ± 0.15
PO	142.45	10	东北 Northeast	850	16.69 ± 4.55	10.25 ± 1.22	荆条 Vitex negundo	0.59 ± 0.11	1.33 ± 0.12

Table 2 Date of sampling and rainfall information

降雨日期 Rain event date	降雨量 Rainfall amount (mm)	降雨强度 Rainfall intensity (mm·min^-1)	降雨类型 Rainfall type	雨前 BR	雨后第1天 1st AR	雨后第2天 2nd AR	雨后第3天 3rd AR	雨后第4天 4th AR
2023-06-19	8.60	0.07	干旱小雨 Light rainfall during a dry period	2023-06-18	2023-06-20	2023-06-21	2023-06-22	ns
2023-08-21	13.44	0.04	湿润中雨 Moderate rainfall during a wet period	2023-08-15	2023-08-21	2023-08-22	ns	ns
2023-09-08-2023-09-10	85.20	0.04	干旱暴雨 Rainstorm during a dry period	2023-09-06	2023-09-10	2023-09-11	2023-09-12	2023-09-13

Fig. 1 Variations of soil volumetric water content and precipitation during the sampling period in a rocky mountainous area in Beijing. KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest; RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest. The soil volumetric water content (m3·m−3) were the mean of measurements at the depths of 10, 30 and 50 cm for each plot.

Fig. 2 Distribution characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ2H and δ18O) of soil water, tree xylem water, shrub xylem water, rain and groundwater under different rainfall types (mean ± SD). Rainfall amounts, 8.60 mm, 13.44 mm and 85.20 mm; LMWL, local meteoric water line; GWL, groundwater line. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at different rainfall types (p < 0.05).

Fig. 3 Variations of soil water content in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall (mean ± SD). KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest; RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.20 mm. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in soil water content under the same soil layer at different sampling times (p < 0.05).

Fig. 4 Variations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ2H and δ18O) of soil water in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall (mean ± SD). RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest; KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Rainfall amounts, 8.60 mm, 13.44 mm and 85.20 mm. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in δ18O values of soil water at different sampling times, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in δ2H values of soil water at different sampling times (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5 Variations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes composition (δ2H and δ18O) of xylem water in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall (mean ± SD). kp, Koelreuteria paniculata; po, Platycladus orientalis; rp, Robinia pseudoacacia; vnkp, Vitex negundo under Koelreuteria paniculata; vnpo, Vitex negundo under Platycladus orientalis; vnrp, Vitex negundo under Robinia pseudoacacia. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.20 mm. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in xylem isotope values among different vegetations, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in xylem isotope values at different sampling times (p < 0.05).

Fig. 6 Absorption proportion of soil water in each layer for trees and shrubs in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall. kp, Koelreuteria paniculata; po, Platycladus orientalis; rp, Robinia pseudoacacia; vnkp, Vitex negundo under Koelreuteria paniculata; vnpo, Vitex negundo under Platycladus orientalis; vnrp, Vitex negundo under Robinia pseudoacacia. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.2 mm. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. GW, groundwater.

Fig. 7 Variations of water niche width of overstory arbors and understory shrubs in different stands and rainfall amounts before and after rainfall. kp, Koelreuteria paniculata; po, Platycladus orientalis; rp, Robinia pseudoacacia; vnkp, Vitex negundo under Koelreuteria paniculata; vnpo, Vitex negundo under Platycladus orientalis; vnrp, Vitex negundo under Robinia pseudoacacia. Rainfall amounts, 8.60, 13.44 and 85.20 mm; AR, after rain; BR, before rain. ***, p < 0.001; *, p < 0.05; ns, p > 0.05.

Fig. 8 Characteristics of water niche overlap of overstory arbors and understory shrubs in different stands before and after rainfall. KP, Koelreuteria paniculata forest; PO, Platycladus orientalis forest; RP, Robinia pseudoacacia forest. AR, after rain; BR, before rain. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference in different rainfall types (p < 0.05).

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