Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2013, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (5): 454-463.DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00047
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LIU Fang1,ZUO Zhao-Jiang1,XU Gai-Ping1,WU Xing-Bo1,ZHENG Jie1,GAO Rong-Fu2,ZHANG Ru-Min1,GAO Yan1,*()
Published:
2013-05-16
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GAO Yan
LIU Fang,ZUO Zhao-Jiang,XU Gai-Ping,WU Xing-Bo,ZHENG Jie,GAO Rong-Fu,ZHANG Ru-Min,GAO Yan. Physiological responses to drought stress and the emission of induced volatile organic compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(5): 454-463.
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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00047
Fig. 1 Effects of drought stress on the osmotic adjustment substances in Rosemarinus offcinalis (mean ± SD). CK, control, 75% field capacity; LD, light drought, 60% field capacity; MD, middle drought, 40% field capacity; SD, severe drought, 20% field capacity.
Fig. 2 Effects of drought stress on cell injury in Rosemarinus offcinalis (mean ± SD). CK, control, 75% field capacity; LD, light drought, 60% field capacity; MD, middle drought, 40% field capacity; SD, severe drought, 20% field capacity.
Fig. 3 Effects of drought stress on the activity of protective enzymes in Rosemarinus offcinalis (mean ± SD). CK, control, 75% field capacity; LD, light drought, 60% field capacity; MD, middle drought, 40% field capacity; SD, severe drought, 20% field capacity. CAT, catalase; POD, peroxidase; SOD, super- oxide dismutase.
Fig. 4 Effects of drought stress on lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in Rosemarinus offcinalis (mean ± SD). CK, control, 75% field capacity; LD, light drought, 60% field capacity; MD, middle drought, 40% field capacity; SD, severe drought, 20% field capacity.
保留时间 Retention time (min) | 挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic compounds | 分子式 Chemical formula | 峰面积×106 Peak area ×106 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
对照 Control | 轻度干旱 Light drought | 中度干旱 Intermediate drought | 重度干旱 Severe drought | |||
5.18 | 3-己烯-2-酮 3-Hene-2-one | C6H10O | 2.58 ± 0.21 | 8.93 ± 0.32 | 5.63 ± 0.12 | 1.46 ± 0.03 |
6.66 | 2-己烯醛 (E)-2-Hexenal | C6H10O | - | - | 1.07 ± 0.08 | 1.14 ± 0.13 |
6.78 | 叶醇 Leaf alcohol | C6H12O | - | 1.12 ± 0.18 | 1.22 ± 0.05 | 0.93 ± 0.07 |
7.42 | α-蒎烯 α-Pinene | C10H16 | 3.95 ± 0.02 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 3.98 ± 0.12 | 1.73 ± 0.10 |
8.19 | 山梨醛 Sorbaldehyde | C6H8O | - | - | - | 0.53 ± 0.01 |
8.47 | 三环烯 Tricyclene | C10H16 | - | - | 0.59 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.02 |
8.69 | 侧柏烯 Thujene | C10H16 | 10.08 ± 1.19 | 8.06 ± 0.91 | 6.92 ± 0.92 | 6.27 ± 0.87 |
8.91 | β-蒎烯 β-Pinene | C10H16 | 83.18 ± 3.83 | 50.75 ± 4.61 | 76.62 ± 8.12 | 79.43 ± 7.31 |
9.24 | 樟烯 Camphene | C10H16 | 17.52 ± 1.09 | 9.19 ± 0.99 | 17.10 ± 2.12 | 15.76 ± 1.12 |
9.39 | 伞柳醇 Umbellulol | C10H16O | 13.02 ± 1.92 | 15.75 ± 1.18 | 10.04 ± 1.03 | 6.83 ± 1.76 |
10.00 | 桧烯 Sabinene | C10H16 | 16.10 ± 2.29 | 9.92 ± 1.22 | 14.90 ± 2.01 | 13.00 ± 1.89 |
10.52 | 月桂烯 Myrcene | C10H16 | 52.20 ± 5.05 | 55.83 ± 5.42 | 27.37 ± 2.19 | 15.43 ± 1.23 |
10.80 | 水芹烯 Phellandrene | C10H16 | 19.72 ± 1.11 | 18.23 ± 1.83 | 9.15 ± 1.21 | 4.84 ± 0.58 |
10.88 | 3-蒈烯 3-Carene | C10H16 | - | - | 1.23 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.02 |
11.12 | α-萜品烯 α-Terpinene | C10H16 | 24.81 ± 2.07 | 22.30 ± 3.05 | 11.09 ± 0.98 | 5.72 ± 1.33 |
11.37 | 伞花烃 o-Cymene | C10H14 | - | 97.67 ± 9.11 | 57.32 ± 3.47 | 20.21 ± 1.34 |
11.56 | α-萜品醇 α-Terpineol | C10H18O | 100.80 ± 9.89 | 8.12 ± 0.88 | 1.12 ± 0.21 | 21.63 ± 1.68 |
11.99 | 罗勒烯 Ocimene | C10H16 | 5.02 ± 0.89 | 12.12 ± 1.31 | 6.62 ± 0.67 | 3.65 ± 0.45 |
12.35 | β-萜品烯 β-Terpinene | C10H16 | 52.54 ± 3.89 | 55.04 ± 3.78 | 20.59 ± 1.95 | 10.88 ± 1.04 |
13.08 | 萜品油烯 Terpinolene | C10H12 | 33.99 ± 2.87 | 34.61 ± 3.01 | 15.72 ± 1.03 | 8.24 ± 0.56 |
13.44 | 里那醇 Linalool | C10H18O | 33.40 ± 3.68 | 31.12 ± 2.93 | 16.48 ± 1.92 | 6.33 ± 0.74 |
13.59 | 蒿萜酮 Eucarvone | C9H16O | 3.56 ± 0.23 | 2.34 ± 0.05 | 1.78 ± 0.17 | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
14.07 | 菊油环酮 Chrysanthenone | C10H14O | 41.42 ± 4.56 | 30.60 ± 3.32 | 18.04 ± 1.05 | 6.57 ± 0.21 |
14.39 | 松香芹醇 Pinocarveol | C10H16O | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 1.86 ± 0.06 | 1.52 ± 0.12 | 0.64 ± 0.06 |
14.53 | 樟脑 Camphor | C10H16O | 28.11 ± 2.78 | 20.78 ± 2.01 | 21.29 ± 3.02 | 8.24 ± 0.93 |
14.74 | 异龙脑 Isoborneol | C10H18O | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 21.04 ± 2.03 |
14.93 | 松香芹酮 Pinocarvone | C10H14O | 2.21 ± 0.09 | 4.90 ± 0.08 | 3.50 ± 0.01 | 1.31 ± 0.02 |
15.21 | 龙脑 Borneol | C10H18O | 46.85 ± 5.03 | 41.58 ± 4.18 | 49.85 ± 5.01 | 2.93 ± 0.09 |
15.28 | 松莰酮 Pinocamphone | C10H16O | 4.35 ± 0.54 | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 3.32 ± 0.02 | 3.06 ± 0.02 |
15.34 | 4-萜品醇 4-Carvomenthenol | C10H18O | 11.29 ± 1.09 | 12.97 ± 1.21 | 8.30 ± 0.80 | 8.69 ± 0.60 |
15.64 | 2-蒎烯-4-酮 2-Pinen-4-one | C10H14O | 1.13 ± 0.03 | - | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 2.98 ± 0.21 |
15.81 | 草蒿脑 Estragole | C10H12O | - | - | 2.12 ± 0.22 | 3.36 ± 0.28 |
15.87 | 顺式萜品醇 cis-Terpineol | C10H18O | 18.07 ± 1.09 | 14.62 ± 0.12 | 9.49 ± 0.08 | - |
16.03 | 癸醛 Decanal | C10H20O | - | - | 1.38 ± 0.11 | - |
16.06 | 桃金娘烯醇 Myrtenol | C10H16O | 3.28 ± 0.28 | 5.14 ± 0.34 | 1.69 ± 0.14 | - |
16.28 | 反式马鞭草烯酮 trans-Verbenone | C10H14O | 25.61 ± 2.77 | 25.22 ± 3.21 | 36.43 ± 3.98 | 22.07 ± 2.32 |
16.33 | 2-烯丙基-4-甲基苯酚 2-Allyl-4-methylphenol | C10H12O | - | - | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 3.36 ± 0.29 |
16.77 | 香茅醇 Citronellol | C10H20O | 2.22 ± 0.11 | 2.89 ± 0.29 | 1.26 ± 0.07 | 0.83 ± 0.03 |
17.08 | 蒈醇 Caranol | C10H18O | 1.83 ± 0.01 | 1.33 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | - |
17.29 | 桃金娘烷醇 Myrtanol | C10H16O | 4.35 ± 0.37 | 4.17 ± 0.34 | 2.88 ± 0.17 | - |
17.70 | 香叶醇 Lemonol | C10H18O | 8.72 ± 1.06 | 12.97 ± 1.29 | 4.63 ± 0.38 | 2.06 ± 0.14 |
18.27 | 柠檬醛 Citral | C10H16O | 3.67 ± 0.32 | 18.11 ± 1.22 | 2.38 ± 0.19 | 0.88 ± 0.02 |
18.34 | 香芹酮 Carvone | C10H14O | 3.45 ± 0.29 | - | 3.06 ± 0.32 | 2.43 ± 0.33 |
保留时间 Retention time (min) | 挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic compounds | 分子式 Chemical formula | 峰面积×106 Peak area ×106 | |||
对照 Control | 轻度干旱 Light drought | 中度干旱 Intermediate drought | 重度干旱 Severe drought | |||
18.41 | 菊酸甲酯 Methyl chrysanthemate | C11H18O2 | 1.49 ± 0.16 | 4.10 ± 1.06 | 1.37 ± 0.11 | 0.58 ± 0.01 |
18.87 | 乙酸龙脑酯 Bornyl acetate | C12H10O2 | 46.21 ± 6.21 | 73.16 ± 5.98 | 23.67 ± 2.11 | 14.77 ± 1.88 |
19.06 | 菊酸乙酯 Hrysanthenyl acetate | C12H18O2 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 1.36 ± 0.01 | 1.07 ± 0.01 | - |
20.06 | 乙酸桃金娘烯酯 Myrtenyl acetate | C12H18O2 | 1.52 ± 0.07 | 2.88 ± 0.09 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | - |
20.35 | 冰片烯 Bornylene | C10H16 | 1.34 ± 0.13 | 3.09 ± 0.41 | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
20.90 | 香茅醇乙酸酯 Citronellyl acetate | C10H18 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 7.03 ± 0.76 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | - |
21.23 | 乙酸异洋薄荷酯 Sopulegol acetate | C10H18O | 3.46 ± 0.65 | 1.67 ± 0.03 | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.06 |
21.82 | 乙酸香叶酯 Geraniol acetate | C10H14O | 2.75 ± 0.03 | 2.90 ± 0.03 | 0.94 ± 0.04 | - |
22.20 | 顺式马鞭草烯酮 cis-Verbenone | C10H14O | 10.89 ± 1.03 | 7.71 ± 0.67 | 5.38 ± 0.56 | 0.75 ± 0.02 |
22.46 | 丁香油酚甲醚 Eugenol methyl ether | C11H14O2 | 9.91 ± 1.12 | 14.27 ± 1.21 | 5.41 ± 0.34 | 3.16 ± 0.23 |
22.93 | 反式石竹烯 trans-Caryophyllene | C15H24 | 46.61 ± 4.07 | 40.74 ± 3.75 | 21.11 ± 1.95 | 8.43 ± 0.94 |
23.64 | 香叶基丙酮 Dihydropseudoionon | C13H22O | 1.40 ± 0.01 | 1.11 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | - |
23.72 | 顺式石竹烯 cis-Caryophyllene | C15H24 | 6.99 ± 0.72 | 6.31 ± 0.65 | 2.95 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.03 |
24.75 | 十五烷 Hexadecane | C16H34 | - | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
26.67 | 氧化石竹烯 Caryophyllene oxide | C11H14O2 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | - | - | - |
26.77 | 揽香烯 Elemene | C15H24 | 0.54 ± 0.02 | - | - | - |
Table 1 Main components of the volatile organic compounds from Rosemarinus offcinalis (mean ± SD)
保留时间 Retention time (min) | 挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic compounds | 分子式 Chemical formula | 峰面积×106 Peak area ×106 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
对照 Control | 轻度干旱 Light drought | 中度干旱 Intermediate drought | 重度干旱 Severe drought | |||
5.18 | 3-己烯-2-酮 3-Hene-2-one | C6H10O | 2.58 ± 0.21 | 8.93 ± 0.32 | 5.63 ± 0.12 | 1.46 ± 0.03 |
6.66 | 2-己烯醛 (E)-2-Hexenal | C6H10O | - | - | 1.07 ± 0.08 | 1.14 ± 0.13 |
6.78 | 叶醇 Leaf alcohol | C6H12O | - | 1.12 ± 0.18 | 1.22 ± 0.05 | 0.93 ± 0.07 |
7.42 | α-蒎烯 α-Pinene | C10H16 | 3.95 ± 0.02 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 3.98 ± 0.12 | 1.73 ± 0.10 |
8.19 | 山梨醛 Sorbaldehyde | C6H8O | - | - | - | 0.53 ± 0.01 |
8.47 | 三环烯 Tricyclene | C10H16 | - | - | 0.59 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.02 |
8.69 | 侧柏烯 Thujene | C10H16 | 10.08 ± 1.19 | 8.06 ± 0.91 | 6.92 ± 0.92 | 6.27 ± 0.87 |
8.91 | β-蒎烯 β-Pinene | C10H16 | 83.18 ± 3.83 | 50.75 ± 4.61 | 76.62 ± 8.12 | 79.43 ± 7.31 |
9.24 | 樟烯 Camphene | C10H16 | 17.52 ± 1.09 | 9.19 ± 0.99 | 17.10 ± 2.12 | 15.76 ± 1.12 |
9.39 | 伞柳醇 Umbellulol | C10H16O | 13.02 ± 1.92 | 15.75 ± 1.18 | 10.04 ± 1.03 | 6.83 ± 1.76 |
10.00 | 桧烯 Sabinene | C10H16 | 16.10 ± 2.29 | 9.92 ± 1.22 | 14.90 ± 2.01 | 13.00 ± 1.89 |
10.52 | 月桂烯 Myrcene | C10H16 | 52.20 ± 5.05 | 55.83 ± 5.42 | 27.37 ± 2.19 | 15.43 ± 1.23 |
10.80 | 水芹烯 Phellandrene | C10H16 | 19.72 ± 1.11 | 18.23 ± 1.83 | 9.15 ± 1.21 | 4.84 ± 0.58 |
10.88 | 3-蒈烯 3-Carene | C10H16 | - | - | 1.23 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.02 |
11.12 | α-萜品烯 α-Terpinene | C10H16 | 24.81 ± 2.07 | 22.30 ± 3.05 | 11.09 ± 0.98 | 5.72 ± 1.33 |
11.37 | 伞花烃 o-Cymene | C10H14 | - | 97.67 ± 9.11 | 57.32 ± 3.47 | 20.21 ± 1.34 |
11.56 | α-萜品醇 α-Terpineol | C10H18O | 100.80 ± 9.89 | 8.12 ± 0.88 | 1.12 ± 0.21 | 21.63 ± 1.68 |
11.99 | 罗勒烯 Ocimene | C10H16 | 5.02 ± 0.89 | 12.12 ± 1.31 | 6.62 ± 0.67 | 3.65 ± 0.45 |
12.35 | β-萜品烯 β-Terpinene | C10H16 | 52.54 ± 3.89 | 55.04 ± 3.78 | 20.59 ± 1.95 | 10.88 ± 1.04 |
13.08 | 萜品油烯 Terpinolene | C10H12 | 33.99 ± 2.87 | 34.61 ± 3.01 | 15.72 ± 1.03 | 8.24 ± 0.56 |
13.44 | 里那醇 Linalool | C10H18O | 33.40 ± 3.68 | 31.12 ± 2.93 | 16.48 ± 1.92 | 6.33 ± 0.74 |
13.59 | 蒿萜酮 Eucarvone | C9H16O | 3.56 ± 0.23 | 2.34 ± 0.05 | 1.78 ± 0.17 | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
14.07 | 菊油环酮 Chrysanthenone | C10H14O | 41.42 ± 4.56 | 30.60 ± 3.32 | 18.04 ± 1.05 | 6.57 ± 0.21 |
14.39 | 松香芹醇 Pinocarveol | C10H16O | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 1.86 ± 0.06 | 1.52 ± 0.12 | 0.64 ± 0.06 |
14.53 | 樟脑 Camphor | C10H16O | 28.11 ± 2.78 | 20.78 ± 2.01 | 21.29 ± 3.02 | 8.24 ± 0.93 |
14.74 | 异龙脑 Isoborneol | C10H18O | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 21.04 ± 2.03 |
14.93 | 松香芹酮 Pinocarvone | C10H14O | 2.21 ± 0.09 | 4.90 ± 0.08 | 3.50 ± 0.01 | 1.31 ± 0.02 |
15.21 | 龙脑 Borneol | C10H18O | 46.85 ± 5.03 | 41.58 ± 4.18 | 49.85 ± 5.01 | 2.93 ± 0.09 |
15.28 | 松莰酮 Pinocamphone | C10H16O | 4.35 ± 0.54 | 1.18 ± 0.03 | 3.32 ± 0.02 | 3.06 ± 0.02 |
15.34 | 4-萜品醇 4-Carvomenthenol | C10H18O | 11.29 ± 1.09 | 12.97 ± 1.21 | 8.30 ± 0.80 | 8.69 ± 0.60 |
15.64 | 2-蒎烯-4-酮 2-Pinen-4-one | C10H14O | 1.13 ± 0.03 | - | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 2.98 ± 0.21 |
15.81 | 草蒿脑 Estragole | C10H12O | - | - | 2.12 ± 0.22 | 3.36 ± 0.28 |
15.87 | 顺式萜品醇 cis-Terpineol | C10H18O | 18.07 ± 1.09 | 14.62 ± 0.12 | 9.49 ± 0.08 | - |
16.03 | 癸醛 Decanal | C10H20O | - | - | 1.38 ± 0.11 | - |
16.06 | 桃金娘烯醇 Myrtenol | C10H16O | 3.28 ± 0.28 | 5.14 ± 0.34 | 1.69 ± 0.14 | - |
16.28 | 反式马鞭草烯酮 trans-Verbenone | C10H14O | 25.61 ± 2.77 | 25.22 ± 3.21 | 36.43 ± 3.98 | 22.07 ± 2.32 |
16.33 | 2-烯丙基-4-甲基苯酚 2-Allyl-4-methylphenol | C10H12O | - | - | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 3.36 ± 0.29 |
16.77 | 香茅醇 Citronellol | C10H20O | 2.22 ± 0.11 | 2.89 ± 0.29 | 1.26 ± 0.07 | 0.83 ± 0.03 |
17.08 | 蒈醇 Caranol | C10H18O | 1.83 ± 0.01 | 1.33 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | - |
17.29 | 桃金娘烷醇 Myrtanol | C10H16O | 4.35 ± 0.37 | 4.17 ± 0.34 | 2.88 ± 0.17 | - |
17.70 | 香叶醇 Lemonol | C10H18O | 8.72 ± 1.06 | 12.97 ± 1.29 | 4.63 ± 0.38 | 2.06 ± 0.14 |
18.27 | 柠檬醛 Citral | C10H16O | 3.67 ± 0.32 | 18.11 ± 1.22 | 2.38 ± 0.19 | 0.88 ± 0.02 |
18.34 | 香芹酮 Carvone | C10H14O | 3.45 ± 0.29 | - | 3.06 ± 0.32 | 2.43 ± 0.33 |
保留时间 Retention time (min) | 挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic compounds | 分子式 Chemical formula | 峰面积×106 Peak area ×106 | |||
对照 Control | 轻度干旱 Light drought | 中度干旱 Intermediate drought | 重度干旱 Severe drought | |||
18.41 | 菊酸甲酯 Methyl chrysanthemate | C11H18O2 | 1.49 ± 0.16 | 4.10 ± 1.06 | 1.37 ± 0.11 | 0.58 ± 0.01 |
18.87 | 乙酸龙脑酯 Bornyl acetate | C12H10O2 | 46.21 ± 6.21 | 73.16 ± 5.98 | 23.67 ± 2.11 | 14.77 ± 1.88 |
19.06 | 菊酸乙酯 Hrysanthenyl acetate | C12H18O2 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 1.36 ± 0.01 | 1.07 ± 0.01 | - |
20.06 | 乙酸桃金娘烯酯 Myrtenyl acetate | C12H18O2 | 1.52 ± 0.07 | 2.88 ± 0.09 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | - |
20.35 | 冰片烯 Bornylene | C10H16 | 1.34 ± 0.13 | 3.09 ± 0.41 | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
20.90 | 香茅醇乙酸酯 Citronellyl acetate | C10H18 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 7.03 ± 0.76 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | - |
21.23 | 乙酸异洋薄荷酯 Sopulegol acetate | C10H18O | 3.46 ± 0.65 | 1.67 ± 0.03 | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.06 |
21.82 | 乙酸香叶酯 Geraniol acetate | C10H14O | 2.75 ± 0.03 | 2.90 ± 0.03 | 0.94 ± 0.04 | - |
22.20 | 顺式马鞭草烯酮 cis-Verbenone | C10H14O | 10.89 ± 1.03 | 7.71 ± 0.67 | 5.38 ± 0.56 | 0.75 ± 0.02 |
22.46 | 丁香油酚甲醚 Eugenol methyl ether | C11H14O2 | 9.91 ± 1.12 | 14.27 ± 1.21 | 5.41 ± 0.34 | 3.16 ± 0.23 |
22.93 | 反式石竹烯 trans-Caryophyllene | C15H24 | 46.61 ± 4.07 | 40.74 ± 3.75 | 21.11 ± 1.95 | 8.43 ± 0.94 |
23.64 | 香叶基丙酮 Dihydropseudoionon | C13H22O | 1.40 ± 0.01 | 1.11 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | - |
23.72 | 顺式石竹烯 cis-Caryophyllene | C15H24 | 6.99 ± 0.72 | 6.31 ± 0.65 | 2.95 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.03 |
24.75 | 十五烷 Hexadecane | C16H34 | - | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
26.67 | 氧化石竹烯 Caryophyllene oxide | C11H14O2 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | - | - | - |
26.77 | 揽香烯 Elemene | C15H24 | 0.54 ± 0.02 | - | - | - |
Fig. 5 Total ion current of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Rosemarinus offcinalis under drought stresses. A, peak area; CK, control, 75% field capacity; LD, light drought, 60% field capacity; MD, middle drought, 40% field capacity; SD, severe drought, 20% field capacity.
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