Transmembrane H + and Ca 2+ fluxes through extraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in response to drought stress

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0089

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plants to improve plant growth and stress resistance. It has been well demonstrated that AMF can promote plant acquisition of water and enhance plant tolerance to drought. In this study, AMF extraradical hyphae were obtained from in vitro culture of AMF Rhirophagus irregularis with hairy carrot (Daucus carota var. sativa) root to investigate the morphological and physiological changes of hyphae in response to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Methods The influence of drought stress on the hyphal morphology was observed by using the field emission-scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM-EDS), while H ⁺ and Ca ²⁺ion fluxes through living hyphae were monitored by non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT).

Important findings The results showed that significant H⁺ efflux and Ca²⁺ influx through the tip and side of the extraradical hyphae were detected in response to drought stress induced by PEG for 1 h. Fluorescence probing confirmed that the intracellular pH value and Ca²⁺ concentration of hyphae significantly increased under PEG treatment. The morphology of hyphae changed and the pH value of the growth medium decreased after treatment with PEG for 24 h. The P, Ca, and Fe elements accumulated at the hyphosphere to enhance the nutrient absorption by hyphae. The study confirmed that AMF regulated the transmembrane H⁺ and Ca²⁺ flux to promote the material exchange between hyphae and environment under drought stress. The acidification of the hyphosphere environment potentially promoted the absorption of nutrients and also the signal exchange between AMF and the host plant to enhance plant drought tolerance.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201807007

Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, drought stress, H⁺, Ca²⁺, non-invasive micro-test technology

XU Li-Jiao, HAO Zhi-Peng, XIE Wei, LI Fang, CHEN Bao-Dong. Transmembrane H ⁺ and Ca ²⁺ fluxes through extraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in response to drought stress[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018, 42(7): 764-773.

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Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Formulation of the M medium

离子/化合物 Ion/Compound	含量 Content (mg·L^-1)	离子/化合物 Ion/Compound	含量 Content (mg·L^-1)
Mg²⁺	70.8	Fe²⁺	0.1
SO₄^2-	280.1	Mn²⁺	1.6
K⁺	61	Zn²⁺	0.6
NO₃^-	230	BO₃^3-	0.24
Cl^-	37.2	甘氨酸 Glycine	3
H₂PO₄^-	4.8	维生素B₁ Vitamin B₁	0.1
Ca²⁺	49	维生素B₆ Vitamin B₆	0.1
I^-	0.58	烟酸 Nicotinic acid	0.5
Na⁺	0.43	肌醇 Inositol	50

Fig. 1 Diagram of the two-compartments in vitro culture system of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with hairy carrot root. Mycorrhizal compartment was filled with solid M medium gelled with 0.4% phytagel, allowing development of mycorrhizal roots; extraradical mycelium ramified into hyphal compartment filled with liquid M medium without sucrose and phytagel, and the roots that crossed the central wall were trimmed to prevent their growth in hyphal compartment (referred to St-Arnaud et al., 1996).

Fig. 2 The pH value of culture medium in hyphal compartment after treatment by PEG (mean ± SD, n = 6). Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments (Duncan’s multiple range test, p < 0.05).

Fig. 3 FE-SEM images and selective elemental analysis (by EDS) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hyphae after treatment by PEG for 1 h (PEG 1 h) and 24 h (PEG 24 h). CK 1 h and CK 24 h are corresponding controls.

Table 2 Concentrations of P, Ca and Fe at the tip and side of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hyphae after treatment by PEG for 1 h and 24 h (determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) (mean ± SD, n = 6)

			P		Ca		Fe
			原子百分比 Atom percentage content (%)	质量分数 Mass percentage content (%)	原子百分比 Atom percentage content (%)	质量分数 Mass percentage content (%)	原子百分比 Atom percentage content (%)	质量分数 Mass percentage content (%)
尖端 Tip	CK	1 h	29.53 ± 2.03^cd	30.03 ± 0.52^d	5.97 ± 0.68^c	6.14 ± 0.72^c	15.86 ± 0.26^c	24.64 ± 2.07^cd
	CK	24 h	31.34 ± 2.34^c	32.85 ± 0.61^d	4.49 ± 0.86^c	5.39 ± 1.27^c	14.60 ± 1.26^c	26.53 ± 1.91^c
	PEG	1 h	38.80 ± 1.07^b	39.62 ± 0.41^c	16.15 ± 0.84^a	18.00 ± 0.87^a	37.15 ± 0.69^a	37.44 ± 1.13^b
	PEG	24 h	51.49 ± 1.63^a	50.46 ± 0.39^a	5.32 ± 1.45^c	4.91 ± 0.66^c	32.48 ± 1.70^ab	52.43 ± 0.49^a
侧面 Side	CK	1 h	23.51 ± 1.12^d	39.01 ± 0.34^c	7.83 ± 1.3^bc	7.88 ± 1.40^bc	12.03 ± 1.11^d	19.51 ± 1.39^d
	CK	24 h	28.00 ± 1.67^cd	43.47 ± 1.07^bc	9.84 ± 0.83^b	10.32 ± 0.92^b	12.07 ± 0.78^d	19.17 ± 0.87^d
	PEG	1 h	37.69 ± 0.84^b	37.51 ± 1.43^c	10.34 ± 1.12^b	12.03 ± 0.75^b	28.54 ± 0.76^b	33.28 ± 1.13^b
	PEG	24 h	56.12 ± 2.21^a	45.04 ± 0.47^b	14.99 ± 0.73^a	16.21 ± 0.40^a	35.09 ± 1.43^a	41.70 ± 0.60^ab

Fig. 4 The effect of PEG treatment for 1 h and 24 h on the pH value at the tip and side of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hypha. Fluorescence image at 488 nm excitation shows the pH variation in the hyphal cell.

Fig. 5 The effect of PEG treatment for 1 h and 24 h on the Ca2+ concentration at the tip and side of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi hypha. Fluorescence image at 488 nm excitation shows the Ca2+ variation in the hyphal cell.

Fig. 6 The effects of PEG treatment on H+ (A) and Ca2+ (B) flux at the tip and side of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae (mean ± SD, n = 6). tip stands for hyphal tip, and side stands for lateral hypha. Columns marked by different letters are significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).

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Transmembrane H ⁺ and Ca ²⁺ fluxes through extraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in response to drought stress

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