Strobili and seed characteristics of Tsuga dumosa and its relationship with environmental factors

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00086

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims In this paper, we studied the timing and environmental factors associated with the production of male and female strobili (cones) of Tsuga dumosa using eight populations of reproductive age.
Methods We measured the growth of 24 reproductive plants, and quantified the production of male and female cones at multiple canopy heights and directions using the standard branch method.
Important findings The ratio of female to male cones was 1:2, and only 28% female cones developed seeds. Plants with a 7 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) (about 25 years old) begin producing cones first, while plants with DBH between 25 and 30 cm produced the highest abundance of male and female cones. A plant with a 89 cm DBH (about 200 years old) produced cones latest. There were obvious differences in the distribution of male and female cones at different canopy heights and orientations. Correlation analyses show that there was a significant positive correlation between DBH and cone (male and female) quantity (p < 0.01), and a significant positive correlation between DBH and the size of canopy. There was a negative correlation between canopy density and cone quantity, height, and DBH. The seed yield was significantly negative correlation. Analysis using principal components indicated temperature, water, and light exposure were the main factors affecting cone production. These factors caused population decline in the ratio between female and male cones towards male-biased, and seed bearing period is long and seed bearing way is not economic. Thus, weather conditions aggravated population decline. Artificial regeneration, establishing a seed orchard, and improving the quality of seeds are significant factors in the improvement of seed quality and population restoration.

Key words: environmental factor, female cone, male cone, population restoration, strobili, Tsuga dumosa

LI Li, YANG Jia-Ni, CUI Kai, R. Talbot TROTTER, LI Zheng-Hong, LI Gen-Qian, LIAO Sheng-Xi. Strobili and seed characteristics of Tsuga dumosa and its relationship with environmental factors[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2013, 37(9): 820-829.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00086

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2013/V37/I9/820

Figures/Tables 11

References 24

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样地 SP	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	海拔 H (m)	郁闭度 CD	年平均气温 MAT (℃)	最冷月平均气温 MTC (℃)	最暖月平均气温 MTW (℃)	年降水量 AP (mm)	≥10 ℃年积温 AT_≥10℃(℃)	年日照时数 ASH (h)	相对湿度 RH (%)
1	99°48′ E	26°39′ N	3 027	0.48	10.8	3.1	15.5	1 351.9	3 046.7	2 003.6	78
2	99°25′ E	26°83′ N	2 840	0.62	14.7	3.8	18.2	1 066.5	3 371.6	2 196.8	74
3	99°18′ E	26°27′ N	2 956	0.55	12.1	3.6	17.2	1 022.3	3 211.0	2 176.4	73
4	100°42′ E	24°29′ N	2 704	0.72	17.6	10.9	22.8	1 103.5	6 398.1	2 100.9	76
5	101°37′ E	24°23′ N	2 890	0.61	16.8	10.3	20.9	961.3	5 711.4	2 133.2	71
6	101°22′ E	24°11′ N	2 700	0.70	17.4	10.5	21.6	952.7	5 722.8	2 252.4	69
7	100°16′ E	27°09′ N	2 925	0.59	16.3	9.7	20.1	1 121.7	4 832.5	2 092.6	77
8	98°50′ E	25°21′ N	2 810	0.64	15.6	8.1	20.9	974.2	4 929.4	2 379.6	72

样地 SP	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	海拔 H (m)	郁闭度 CD	年平均气温 MAT (℃)	最冷月平均气温 MTC (℃)	最暖月平均气温 MTW (℃)	年降水量 AP (mm)	≥10 ℃年积温 AT_≥10℃(℃)	年日照时数 ASH (h)	相对湿度 RH (%)
1	99°48′ E	26°39′ N	3 027	0.48	10.8	3.1	15.5	1 351.9	3 046.7	2 003.6	78
2	99°25′ E	26°83′ N	2 840	0.62	14.7	3.8	18.2	1 066.5	3 371.6	2 196.8	74
3	99°18′ E	26°27′ N	2 956	0.55	12.1	3.6	17.2	1 022.3	3 211.0	2 176.4	73
4	100°42′ E	24°29′ N	2 704	0.72	17.6	10.9	22.8	1 103.5	6 398.1	2 100.9	76
5	101°37′ E	24°23′ N	2 890	0.61	16.8	10.3	20.9	961.3	5 711.4	2 133.2	71
6	101°22′ E	24°11′ N	2 700	0.70	17.4	10.5	21.6	952.7	5 722.8	2 252.4	69
7	100°16′ E	27°09′ N	2 925	0.59	16.3	9.7	20.1	1 121.7	4 832.5	2 092.6	77
8	98°50′ E	25°21′ N	2 810	0.64	15.6	8.1	20.9	974.2	4 929.4	2 379.6	72

样株 ST	胸径 DBH (cm)	株高 TH (m)	冠幅 CB (m²)
1	20.2	8.3	2.4
2	30.3	10.4	2.9
3	25.0	9.5	2.6
4	30.5	11.8	3.2
5	20.4	8.6	2.5
6	26.1	11.1	2.8
7	21.4	9.4	2.5
8	31.2	11.9	3.6
9	26.7	10.6	3.0
10	34.6	14.2	5.1
11	29.4	12.5	4.6
12	25.3	10.3	3.9
13	27.6	11.6	3.5
14	32.8	13.3	4.8
15	24.3	9.8	3.4
16	28.6	12.2	3.7
17	33.9	13.7	5.2
18	24.8	10.2	3.3
19	22.6	9.3	2.6
20	31.7	12.9	4.2
21	26.9	11.4	3.1
22	32.2	12.7	4.4
23	23.5	9.5	2.7
24	27.3	11.2	3.8

样株 ST	胸径 DBH (cm)	株高 TH (m)	冠幅 CB (m²)
1	20.2	8.3	2.4
2	30.3	10.4	2.9
3	25.0	9.5	2.6
4	30.5	11.8	3.2
5	20.4	8.6	2.5
6	26.1	11.1	2.8
7	21.4	9.4	2.5
8	31.2	11.9	3.6
9	26.7	10.6	3.0
10	34.6	14.2	5.1
11	29.4	12.5	4.6
12	25.3	10.3	3.9
13	27.6	11.6	3.5
14	32.8	13.3	4.8
15	24.3	9.8	3.4
16	28.6	12.2	3.7
17	33.9	13.7	5.2
18	24.8	10.2	3.3
19	22.6	9.3	2.6
20	31.7	12.9	4.2
21	26.9	11.4	3.1
22	32.2	12.7	4.4
23	23.5	9.5	2.7
24	27.3	11.2	3.8

差异源 Difference source	df	SS	MS	F	F_0.05	F_0.01
上层 Upside layer	5	5 716.335	1 143.267	127.353^**	8.754	9.932
中层 Middle layer	5	2 654.246	530.849	61.267^*	8.754	9.932
下层 Under layer	5	957.432	191.486	20.913	8.754	9.932
东向 East	5	1 431.653	286.331	32.658	8.754	9.932
南向 South	5	1 214.387	242.877	27.465	8.754	9.932
西向 West	5	2 485.761	497.152	58.739^*	8.754	9.932
北向 North	5	2 159.635	431.927	54.571^*	8.754	9.932