Chlorophyll a variation and its driving factors during phase shift from macrophyte- to phytoplankton-dominated states in Caohai Lake, Guizhou, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0181

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims In recent years, the aquatic ecosystem of Caohai Lake, in Guizhou Province in southwest China, has shown a trend of phase shift from macrophyte- to phytoplankton-dominated states, which indicates the weakening ecological functioning of the lake. The chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration is an important indicator of phytoplankton biomass. It is of great significance to clarify the variation of Chl a concentration in comprehensively understanding the ecological status and developing feasible restoration measures for the Lake.

Methods Surface water samples were collected from the Lake in summers and autumns of 2020-2021 to analyze the variation of Chl a concentration. The generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to explore the relationship between each environmental factor and Chl a concentration.

Important findings The results showed that, the Chl a concentration in surface water of Caohai Lake increased during phase shift, with an average up to (17.96 ± 10.62) μg·L^-1(during the monitoring period in 2021), which was 2.5 times greater than that before the phase shift (during monitoring period in 2020). The comprehensive trophic state of the Lake changed from mesotrophic state to eutrophic state, and the water quality presented an obvious trend of deterioration. Results from the single-factor GAM analysis showed that permanganate index (COD_Mn), total nitrogen (TN) concentration and water temperature (WT) had significant effects on Chl a concentration, which among all investigated environmental factors, account for 26.70%-33.30% of the concentration variation of Chl a, with WT, COD_Mn, TN concentration exhibiting the largest, intermediate, and smallest impact respectively. Based on the present study, it is concluded that COD_Mnand TN concentration were important factors driving the variation of Chl a concentration in Caohai Lake, and WT was an inducing factor. The massive extinction of submerged macrophyte and the significant increase of Chl a concentration indicated that the Lake is in phase shift from macrophyte- to phytoplankton-dominated state. Feasible measures should be developed timely to promote the restoration of submerged macrophyte, and further studies on phase shift mechanisms and restoration measures for the Lake should be carried out.

Key words: Caohai Lake, Guizhou, chlorophyll a concentration, regime shift, environmental factor, GAM model

LI An-Yan, HUANG Xian-Fei, TIAN Yuan-Bin, DONG Ji-Xing, ZHENG Fei-Fei, XIA Pin-Hua. Chlorophyll a variation and its driving factors during phase shift from macrophyte- to phytoplankton-dominated states in Caohai Lake, Guizhou, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(8): 1171-1181.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0181

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I8/1171

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Location of monitoring and sampling sites in Caohai Lake.

Fig. 2 Seasonal variation of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in Caohai Lake of Guizhou Province (mean ± SE).

Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in Caohai Lake of Guizhou Province in summers and autumns of 2020-2021.

Fig. 4 Temporal variation of water physicochemical status and trophic levels in Caohai Lake of Guizhou Province (mean ± SE). CODMn, permanganate index; NH3-N, ammonia nitrogen concentration; TLI, trophic level index; TN, total nitrogen concentration; TP, total phosphorus concentration; WT, water temperature.

Table 1 Fitting results of single factor to the variation of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration in Caohai Lake of Guizhou Province during the investigation period from 2020 to 2021 based on generalized additive model (GAM)

环境因子 Environmental factor	自由度 Degree of freedom	参考自由度 Reference degree of freedom	F	p	解释率 Deviance explained (%)	R_adj
TN	4.648	5.722	9.425	<2e-16^***	26.70	0.245
TP	1.643	2.048	0.763	0.456	1.49	0.005
NH₃-N	4.933	6.024	2.908	0.011^*	11.60	0.088
COD_Mn	5.863	7.051	9.555	<2e-16^***	31.60	0.290
pH	3.048	3.862	2.746	0.028^*	7.85	0.061
WT	5.926	7.083	10.280	<2e-16^***	33.30	0.307
TN/TP	4.433	5.398	2.329	0.042^*	9.02	0.064

Fig. 5 Effect of environmental factors on chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in Caohai Lake of Guizhou Province. The abscissa is the measured values of single environmental factor, and the ordinate is the fitting values of single environmental factor for Chl a concentrations. The solid line represents the additive function reflecting the relationships between Chl a concentrations and environmental factors, and the two dotted lines represent the confidence interval at 95% level. CODMn, permanganate index; TN, total nitrogen concentration; WT, water temperature.

Fig. 6 Variation of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in Caohai Lake of Guizhou Province during the past years. Data of October in 2010, August in 2016 and November in 2017 were referred from literature published by Pan et al. (2012), Dai et al. (2020b) and Dai et al. (2020a), respectively; data of August and November in 2014 were referred from literature published by Cai et al. (2016); data of November in 2017, July and November in 2018 were referred from literature published by Song (2020); data from July to November in 2020 and June to November in 2021 are from present study.

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