Variation of sap flow rate of Cunninghamia lanceolata and its response to environmental factors in the source area of Xinʼanjiang River

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0177

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The variability of climatic conditions and complexity of underlying surface conditions in the humid regions of southern China have brought difficulties to the measurement and estimation of evapotranspiration. Tree transpiration is the key component of forest evapotranspiration. The monitoring and measurement of sap flow has become the main method to determine transpiration. Cunninghamia lanceolata forest as a representative vegetation in the source area of Xinʼanjiang River, is crucial to soil and water conservation and climate regulation in the area.

Methods In order to investigate the controlling mechanism of environmental factors on the change of the sap flow rate (J_s) during the growing season of C. lanceolata (April to September 2020), the J_s of C. lanceolata were monitored by the sap flow measurement system and environmental observations and soil water content were measured by the meteorological gradient tower in the source area.

Important findings The J_s of C. lanceolatahad obvious seasonal variations with the largest in August and the lowest in May. Among the environmental factors, net solar radiation (R_n) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were the strongest factors correlating with J_s. The results of principal component analysis indicated that the variance contribution rates of the first principal component were 59.1% and 57.9% at the hourly and daily scales, respectively. Furthermore, VPD and R_n played a major role in the first principal component and were the main environmental factors affecting the change of the sap flow rate of C. lanceolata in the study area. During the observation period, the maximum J_s occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately (20 ± 3) min and occurred later than the maximum R_n by approximately (100 ± 5) min. The changes in soil water content caused by rainfall in the growing season of C. lanceolata did not significantly affect the sap flow, while the sap flows under different weather conditions varied significantly: J_s was higher and mainly showed a unimodal change with early start and late end in sunny days, but showed a multimodal change with late start and early end in rainy days.

Key words: the source area of Xin’anjiang River, thermal diffusion probe, sap flow rate, dominant environmental factor, time lag, soil water content

YANG Li-Lin, XING Wan-Qiu, WANG Wei-Guang, CAO Ming-Zhu. Variation of sap flow rate of Cunninghamia lanceolata and its response to environmental factors in the source area of Xinʼanjiang River[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(4): 571-583.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0177

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2023/V47/I4/571

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 Location map of sap flow measurement system and meteorological gradient tower in the source area of Xin’anjing River. A, Photograph of the sample plot. B, Meteorological gradient tower. C, Sample trees monitored by the sap flow measurement system.

Table 1 Basic information of sampling trees of Cunninghamia lanceolata in the source area of Xin’anjiang River

编号 No.	胸径 Diameter at breast height (cm)	树高 Tree height (m)	边材面积 Sapwood area (cm²)
1	11.4	7.7	79.5
2	14.4	8.2	134.7
3	15.3	8.7	148.8
4	16.6	9.3	183.8
5	18.3	14.1	263.5

Fig. 2 Seasonal variations of daily sap flow rate (Js) (mean ± SD) of Cunninghamia lanceolata and environmental factors during the study period. P, precipitation; Rn, net solar radiation; RH, air relative humidity; SWC, soil water content; Ta, air temperature; VPD, vapor pressure deficit.

Table 2 Pearson correlation coefficients between environmental factors and sap flow rates (Js) of Cunninghamia lanceolata at hourly scale during the study period (n = 3 864)

变量 Variable	VPD	T_a	RH	R_n	SWC	J_s
VPD	1.000	0.586^**	-0.928^**	0.701^**	-0.258^**	0.871^**
T_a		1.000	-0.366^**	0.481^**	-0.161^**	0.631^**
RH			1.000	-0.634^**	0.231^**	-0.751^**
R_n				1.000	-0.102^**	0.771^**
SWC					1.000	-0.172^**

Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficients between environmental factors and sap flow rates (Js) of Cunninghamia lanceolata at daily scale during the study period (n = 161)

变量 Variable	VPD	T_a	RH	R_n	SWC	J_s
VPD	1.000	0.201^*	-0.891^**	0.825^**	-0.469^**	0.856^**
T_a		1.000	0.199^*	0.263^**	-0.196^*	0.492^**
RH			1.000	-0.700^**	0.342^**	-0.643^**
R_n				1.000	-0.380^**	0.802^**
SWC					1.000	-0.411^**

Table 4 Eigen values and percentage of variance of environmental factors of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest in the source area of Xin’anjing River based on principal component analysis

主成分 Principal component	小时尺度 Hourly time scale			日尺度 Daily time scale
主成分 Principal component	特征值 Eigen value	方差贡献率 Percentage of variance (%)	累计解释量 Cumulative variance (%)	特征值 Eigen value	方差贡献率 Percentage of variance (%)	累计解释量 Cumulative variance (%)
1	2.96	59.1	59.1	2.89	57.9	57.9
2	0.95	18.9	78.0	1.16	23.3	81.1
3	0.68	13.5	91.6	0.70	14.1	95.2
4	0.39	7.7	99.3	0.21	4.3	99.5
5	0.04	0.7	100.0	0.03	0.5	100.0

Table 5 Load of environmental factors of Cunninghamia lanceolata forest in the source area of Xin’anjing River on different principal components (PC)

环境变量 Environmental variation	小时尺度 Hourly time scale			日尺度 Daily time scale
环境变量 Environmental variation	主成分1 PC 1	主成分2 PC 2	主成分3 PC 3	主成分1 PC 1	主成分2 PC 2	主成分3 PC 3
VPD	0.96	0.04	-0.13	0.97	-0.04	0.12
T_a	0.68	0.08	0.71	0.20	0.94	0.24
RH	-0.89	-0.03	0.38	-0.87	0.44	-0.07
R_n	0.82	0.24	-0.04	0.89	0.08	0.25
SWC	-0.33	0.94	-0.04	-0.60	-0.28	0.75

Fig. 3 Curve fitting of sap flow rate (Js) of Cunninghamia lanceolata with net solar radiation (Rn) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at the daily time scale in the source area of Xin’anjiang River.

Fig. 4 Diurnal variations of sap flow rate (Js) of Cunninghamia lanceolata, vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and net solar radiation (Rn) during the study period in the source area of Xin’anjiang River (mean ± SD).

Fig. 5 Correlation coefficients of the sap flow rate (Js) of Cunninghamia lanceolata with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and net solar radiation (Rn) during the study period under different time lags.

Fig. 6 Length of time lag of the sap flow rate of Cunninghamia lanceolata with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and net solar radiation (Rn).

Fig. 7 Diurnal variations of the sap flow rate (Js) of Cunninghamia lanceolata under different soil water content (SWC) with the similar net solar radiation (Rn).

Fig. 8 Diurnal variations of sap flow rate (Js) of Cunninghamia lanceolata and net solar radiation (Rn) under different weather conditions.

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