CO2 flux dynamics and its limiting factors in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2017.0266

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Alpine shrub-meadows and steppe-meadows are the two dominant vegetation types on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and plays an important role in regional carbon cycling. However, little is known about the temporal-spatial patterns and drivers of CO₂ fluxes in these two ecosystem types.

Methods Based on five years of consecutive eddy covariance measurements (2004-2008) in an eastern alpine shrub-meadow at Haibei and a hinterland alpine steppe-meadow at Damxung, we investigated the seasonal and annual variation of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and its components, i.e. gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_e).

Important findings The CO₂ fluxes (NEP, GPP and R_e) were larger in the shrub-meadow than in the steppe-meadow during the study period. The shrub-meadow functioned as a carbon sink through the five years, with the mean annual NEP of 70 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1. However, the steppe-meadow acted as a carbon neutral, with mean annual NEP of -5 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1. The CO₂ fluxes of steppe-meadow exhibited large variability due to the inter-annual and seasonal variations in precipitation, ranging from a carbon sink (54 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1) in 2008 to a carbon source (-88 g C·m ^-2·a ^-1) in 2006. The differences in carbon budget between the two alpine ecosystems were firstly attributed to the discrepancy of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) because NDVI was the direct factor regulating the seasonal and inter-annual NEP. Secondly, the shrub-meadow had higher carbon use efficiency (CUE), which was substantially determined by annual precipitation (PPT) and NDVI. Our results also indicated that the environmental drivers of CO₂ fluxes were also different between these two alpine ecosystems. The structure equation model analyses showed that air temperature (T_a) determined the seasonal variations of CO₂ fluxes in the shrub-meadow, with NEP and GPP being positively correlated with T_a. By contrast, the seasonal CO₂ fluxes in the steppe-meadow were primarily co-regulated by soil water content (SWC) and T_a, and increased with the increase of SWC and T_a. In addition, the changes of R_e during the growing season in two ecosystems were directly affected by GPP and soil temperature at 5 cm depth (T_s), while R_e during non-growing season were determined by T_s. These results demonstrate that the synergy of soil water and temperature played crucial roles in determining NEP and GPP of the two alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/ZWSB201801002

Key words: Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, alpine meadow ecosystems, CO₂ fluxes, temperature, soil water content, eddy covariance

CHAI Xi, LI Ying-Nian, DUAN Cheng, ZHANG Tao, ZONG Ning, SHI Pei-Li, HE Yong-Tao, ZHANG Xian-Zhou. CO₂ flux dynamics and its limiting factors in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2018, 42(1): 6-19.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2017.0266

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2018/V42/I1/6

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Energy balance during 2004-2008 at the alpine shrub-meadow (A) and steppe-meadow (B). Data are the daily sums of latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat flux and net radiation (Rn) minus soil heat storage (G), respectively. Black lines are linear fitting lines.

Fig. 2 Comparison of annual (Ann) and growing season (GS) accumulative values of CO2 fluxes (including net ecosystem productivity (NEP ), gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re)) and environmental factors (including mean air temperature (Ta) and total precipitation (PPT )) as well as annual carbon use efficiency (CUE), Re/GPP, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and coefficients of variation (CV) of these factors in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow.

Fig. 3 Seasonal dynamic of monthly average photosynthetically active radiation (A, PAR, μmol·m-2·s-1), monthly average air temperature (B, Ta, ℃), monthly average soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm (C, Ts, ℃), monthly average vapor press deficit (D, VPD, kPa), monthly average soil water content at a depth of 5 cm (E, SWC, m3·m-3), and monthly total precipitation (E, PPT, mm), 16-day mean normalized difference vegetation index (F, NDVI) in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow form 2004 to 2008. The black squares and histograms represent the shrub-meadow and the grey circles and histograms denote the steppe-meadow.

Fig. 4 Seasonal patterns of daily (g C·m-2·d-1) values of net ecosystem productivity (NEP, A), gross primary productivity (GPP, B) and ecosystem respiration (Re, C) for the alpine shrub-meadow and the steppe-meadow from 2004 to 2008. The black solid circles represent shrub-meadow and the grey hollow circles denote steppe-meadow.

Fig. 5 Path diagrams illustrating the effects of 16-day mean biotic and abiotic factors (air temperature, Ta, ℃; soil temperature at the depth of 5 cm, Ts, ℃; soil water content at the depth of 5 cm, SWC, m3·m-3; precipitation, PPT, mm; photosynthetically active radiation, PAR, μmol·m-2·s-1; normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) on 16-day mean CO2 fluxes (net ecosystem productivity, NEP, g C·m-2·d-1, gross primary productivity, GPP, g C·m-2·d-1 and ecosystem respiration, Re, g C·m-2·d-1) during the growing season (A-D) and non-growing season (E, F) from 2004-2008 in the alpine shrub-meadow (A, C, E) and steppe-meadow (B, D, F). The grey solid arrows represent significantly negative correlation and the black solid arrows denote significantly positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05). The dashed arrows represent non-significantly correlation (p > 0.05). Data on the arrows are the standardized SEM coefficients. The thickness of the arrows reflects the magnitude of the standardized SEM coefficient.

Fig. 6 The correlative relationships of annual accumulative net ecosystem productivity (NEP, g C·m-2·a-1) with annual carbon use efficiency (CUE, A) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI, B) from 2004 to 2008. Hollow triangles represent the alpine shrub- meadow in Haibei (△) and hollow circles denote the alpine steppe-meadow in Damxung (〇). Adj.R2, adjusted coefficient of determination.

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CO₂ flux dynamics and its limiting factors in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

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