Response of soil CO2 and CH4 emissions to changes in moisture and salinity at a typical coastal salt marsh of Yellow River Delta

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2021.0486

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Globally, coastal salt marshes have been considered as major blue carbon sinks and contributors for climate change mitigation. Understanding the effects of soil moisture and salinity on soil CO₂and CH₄ emissions will advance better understand of long-term storage of soil carbon in coastal salt marshes.

Methods We conducted a simulation experiment with a gradient of water treatments (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% soil saturated water content) and salt treatments (9 g·kg^-1and 18 g·kg^-1). And we investigated soil carbon mineralization rates, soil properties, microbial biomass and community structure of typical salt marsh soils in the Yellow River Delta.

Important findings We found that: (1) There was no interaction between soil moisture and salinity content on soil CO₂, CH₄ emissions and CH₄:CO₂, and soil CO₂ emissions showed a unimodal curve along the soil moisture gradients and a significant decrease with increasing soil salinity content. The increased soil moisture significantly promoted soil CH₄ emissions, but the increased soil salinity content significantly inhibited soil CH₄emissions. (2) There was a weak significant interaction between moisture and salinity content on dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Under low water treatment, DOC content decreased with increasing soil salinity content, but increased under high water treatment. There was a significant positive relationship between soil CO₂ emissions and DOC content. (3) Soil microbial biomass exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increasing soil moisture, while soil salinity content significantly decreased microbial biomass. There was a significant positive correlation of microbial biomass with CO₂ and CH₄ emissions. (4) Both soil moisture and salinity treatments modified soil microbial community structure. Soil moisture and salinity treatments significantly increased and decreased the number of bacteria and α diversity index, respectively. Both soil CO₂ and CH₄ emissions were positively correlated with the number of bacteria and α diversity index. The climate is gradually drying and warming in this region due to climate change. Therefore, we speculated that changes in microbial biomass and community structure, soil moisture and salinity content may have potentially profound effects on the carbon-sink function at coastal salt marsh.

Key words: soil water content, salinity, soil carbon mineralization, coastal salt marsh, Yellow River Delta, blue carbon

LI Xue, DONG Jie, HAN Guang-Xuan, ZHANG Qi-Qi, XIE Bao-Hua, LI Pei-Guang, ZHAO Ming-Liang, CHEN Ke-Long, SONG Wei-Min. Response of soil CO₂ and CH₄ emissions to changes in moisture and salinity at a typical coastal salt marsh of Yellow River Delta[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(3): 434-446.

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Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Soil physiochemical properties at 0-10 cm depth in the research site at coastal salt marsh of Yellow River Delta (mean ± SE)

TC (g·kg^-1)	TN (g·kg^-1)	NH₄⁺ -N (mg·kg^-1)	NO₃^- -N (mg·kg^-1)	pH	Soil salinity (%)
12.76 ± 0.07	0.21 ± 0.01	6.56 ± 0.06	1.49 ± 0.03	7.64 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.04

Table 2 Results of two-way ANOVA on the effects of soil moisture and salinity on soil physical and chemical characteristics as well as soil carbon mineralization rate

因子 Factor		TC	TN	DOC	MBC	Cumulative CO₂	Cumulative CH₄	GWP	CH₄:CO₂
土壤水分 Soil moisture	p	<0.01	0.65	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.09
土壤水分 Soil moisture	F	33.78	0.56	21.08	8.33	72.17	6.38	14.21	2.42
土壤盐分 Soil salinity	p	0.22	<0.01	0.15	0.02	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.01
土壤盐分 Soil salinity	F	1.59	9.06	2.22	6.07	47.68	14.73	22.99	7.71
土壤水分×盐分 Soil moisture × salinity	p	0.79	0.92	0.06	0.04	0.29	0.96	0.95	0.88
土壤水分×盐分 Soil moisture × salinity	F	0.35	0.17	2.81	3.33	1.33	0.10	0.12	0.23

Fig. 1 Effects of soil moisture and salinity on mean values of soil total carbon (TC) content (A), soil total nitrogen (TN) content (B), soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content (C) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content (D) (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between soil moisture treatments under low salinity level (S1) (p < 0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between soil moisture treatments under high salinity level (S2) (p < 0.05), and * indicates the significant difference between salinity treatments under the same moisture condition (p < 0.05). W1, 25% soil saturated moisture content; W2, 50% soil saturated moisture content; W3, 75% soil saturated moisture content; W4, 100% soil saturated moisture content.

Table 3 Results of two-way ANOVA on the effects of soil moisture and salinity on soil bacterial alpha diversity index

因子 Factor		物种数量 Observed species	PD whole tree指数 PD whole tree index	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	Chao1指数 Chao1 index
土壤水分 Soil moisture	p	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
土壤水分 Soil moisture	F	31.96	29.35	40.49	6.46
土壤盐分 Soil salinity	p	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.30
土壤盐分 Soil salinity	F	29.51	22.25	39.07	1.11
土壤水分 ×盐分 Soil moisture × salinity	p	<0.01	<0.01	0.01	0.82
土壤水分 ×盐分 Soil moisture × salinity	F	9.02	6.93	5.25	0.31

Table 4 Soil bacterial alpha diversity index under different moisture and salinity treatments (mean ± SE)

盐分处理 Salinity treatment	水分处理 Moisture treatment	物种数量 Observed species	PD whole tree指数 PD whole tree index	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	Chao1指数 Chao1 index
S1	W1	2 603.26 ± 41.57^Ba	213.04 ± 10.30^Ba	6.59 ± 0.41^Ba	3 845.65 ± 165.76^Ba
	W2	3 068.08 ± 36.67^Aa	252.76 ± 3.12^Aa	8.29 ± 0.12^Ba	4 383.72 ± 70.05^Aa
	W3	3 227.84 ± 34.21^Aa	265.12 ± 3.10^Aa	8.81 ± 0.05^Aa	4 577.47 ± 47.85^Aa
	W4	3 241.94 ± 56.62^Aa	268.94 ± 5.06^Aa	8.44 ± 0.13^Aa	4 558.03 ± 63.28^Aa
S2	W1	2 629.74 ± 18.92^Ba	223.32 ± 2.96^Ba	6.46 ± 0.08^Ca	3 881.19 ± 89.97^Ba
	W2	2 541.14 ± 64.56^Bb	219.07 ± 4.55^Bb	6.95 ± 0.19^Bb	3 836.97 ± 84.56^ABb
	W3	2 903.29 ± 39.22^Ab	241.88 ± 2.68^Ab	7.72 ± 0.10^Ab	4 290.19 ± 56.94^Ab
	W4	3 002.14 ± 29.46^Ab	251.94 ± 2.18^Ab	8.00 ± 0.02^Ab	4 395.78 ± 60.89^Aa

Fig. 2 Heat map of soil bacterial community sample distance (A) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis (B). In A, uppercase letters and numbers represent soil sample numbers; in B, uppercase letters and numbers represent the experimental treatment number. S1, 9 g·kg-1 soil salinity; S2, 18 g·kg-1 soil salinity; W1, 25% soil saturation moisture content; W2, 50% soil saturation moisture content; W3, 75% soil saturation moisture content; W4, 100% soil saturation moisture content.

Fig. 3 Dynamic changes of soil CO2 emission rate (A), soil CH4 emission rate (B), soil cumulative CO2 emission rate (C) and soil cumulative CH4 emission rate (D) under different soil moisture and salinity treatments (mean ± SE). S1, 9 g·kg-1 soil salinity; S2, 18 g·kg-1 soil salinity; W1, 25% soil saturation moisture content; W2, 50% soil saturation moisture content; W3, 75% soil saturation moisture content; W4, 100% soil saturation moisture content.

Fig. 4 Effects of soil moisture and salinity on values of soil cumulative CO2 emission (A) and soil cumulative CH4 emission (B), global warming potential (GWP) (C) and CH4:CO2 (D) (mean ± SE). Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference between soil moisture treatments under low salinity level (S1) (p < 0.05), different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between soil moisture treatments under high salinity level (S2) (p < 0.05), and * indicates significant difference between salinity treatments under the same moisture condition (p < 0.05). S1, 9 g·kg-1 soil salinity; S2, 18 g·kg-1 soil salinity; W1, 25% soil saturation moisture content; W2, 50% soil saturation moisture content; W3, 75% soil saturation moisture content; W4, 100% soil saturation moisture content. eq, equivalent.

Fig. 5 Pearson?s correlation between soil carbon mineralization rate and physical and chemical properties as well as microbial characteristics. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. CH4, soil CH4 emission; CH4:CO2, soil CH4 to CO2 ratio; Chao1, Chao1 index; CO2, soil CO2 emission; DOC, soil dissolved organic carbon content; GWP, global warming potential; MBC, soil microbial biomass carbon content; MBN, soil microbial biomass nitrogen content; PD whole tree, PD whole tree index; Shannon, Shannon-Wiener diversity index; TC, soil total carbon content; TN, soil total nitrogen content.

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Response of soil CO₂ and CH₄ emissions to changes in moisture and salinity at a typical coastal salt marsh of Yellow River Delta

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