Effects of solid culture endophytic fungi on osmotic adjustment and antioxidant system of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings under soil salt stress

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0061

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Endophyte is a new microbial resource, which has a complex micro-ecological relationship with plants. In this paper, the antagonistic effect of endophytic fungi on the growth of salt-tolerant plants was confirmed by adding endophytic fungi to the plants and testing the physiological characteristics and biomass of the seedlings.

Methods Two salt-tolerant endophytic fungi Botryosphaeria sp. Z1 (T3), Hypoxylon sp. Y6 (T4), and their mixture (T2) were cultured in solid fermentation and added to potted soil planted with seedlings of Casuarina equisetifolia at different salinity (mass fraction: 0, 3‰, 6‰ and 9‰), which were treated with an added fungi of seedlings. The addition of microbiological medium (T1) and no added microbiological medium (CK) were treated as two experimental controls, which was to confirm the effect of the fungi, but not the microbiological medium. Samples were taken at 15 day intervals, four times, for a total of 60 days, and the relative electronic conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble sugar (SS) content, soluble protein (SP) content, proline (PRO) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, reactive oxygen (H₂O₂) content of leaves and the biomass of seedling were determined each time.

Important findings We found that the biomass of seedlings treated by fungal strain was significantly increased under salt stress, and the physiological characteristics were significantly affected by soil salinity, time and fungal species. At 3‰ salinity, the contents of SS and SP, and the activity of SOD and CAT were higher in T2 treatment than in CK and T1 after 15 days of treatment, but the REC was significantly lower in T2, T3 and T4 treatments during the stress period. At 9‰ salinity, T2 treatment significantly reduced the REC and the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA, but significantly increased the content of SS and the activity of SOD and CAT. Especially, SP content and POD activity were also significantly increased in T2 treatment after 60 days. A stepwise regression was used to model the relationship between physiological characteristics and biomass of seedlings treated with the strains, and the path analysis showed that REC, POD activity and SS content were the main physiological factors affecting biomass. In conclusion, the effects of different fungi on the content of osmoregulatory substances, oxidase activity and biomass of seedlings were different, and the antagonistic effect of the mixed fungi was the most obviously. Thus, the relationship between osmotic regulatory substances, antioxidant enzymes, biomass and endophytic fungi of C. equisetifolia under salt stress was clarified, which provided a basic for the further study on the stress resistant engineering fungi for C. equisetifolia.

Key words: Casuarina equisetifolia, soil salinity, endophytic fungi, plant physiology, biomass, path analysis

LI Guan-Jun, CHEN Long, YU Wen-Jing, SU Qin-Gui, WU Cheng-Zhen, SU Jun, LI Jian. Effects of solid culture endophytic fungi on osmotic adjustment and antioxidant system of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings under soil salt stress[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(6): 804-821.

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Figures/Tables 11

References 57

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土壤盐浓度 Soil salinity		地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g)	地下生物量 Belowground biomass (g)	整株生物量 Total biomass (g)	土壤盐浓度 Soil Salinity		地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g)	地下生物量 Belowground biomass (g)	整株生物量 Total biomass (g)
0‰	CK	4.37 ± 0.29^a	1.18 ± 0.03^a	5.72 ± 0.33^a	6‰	CK	3.59 ± 0.09^a	0.76 ± 0.01^a	5.58 ± 0.70^a
	T1	4.86 ± 0.54^a	1.36 ± 0.06^a	9.71 ± 0.61^b		T1	3.27 ± 0.07^ab	0.82 ± 0.01^a	6.69 ± 0.71^a
	T2	7.77 ± 0.60^b	3.80 ± 0.08^c	8.97 ± 0.14^b		T2	5.61 ± 0.22^c	1.72 ± 0.03^c	8.33 ± 1.01^a
	T3	8.65 ± 0.16^b	2.05 ± 0.21^b	8.70 ± 0.98^b		T3	4.59 ± 0.66^ab	1.46 ± 0.06^b	5.86 ± 0.85^a
	T4	8.01 ± 1.42^b	2.10 ± 0.22^b	10.11 ± 1.62^b		T4	4.46 ± 0.15^b	1.47 ± 0.03^b	7.22 ± 0.77^a
3‰	CK	4.41 ± 0.19^a	0.97 ± 0.10^a	6.01 ± 0.47^a	9‰	CK	2.18 ± 0.05^a	0.45 ± 0.02^a	4.19 ± 0.19^a
	T1	4.11 ± 0.05^a	1.13 ± 0.01^a	6.03 ± 0.35^a		T1	2.62 ± 0.04^b	0.61 ± 0.01^b	5.33 ± 0.33^a
	T2	6.55 ± 0.12^b	2.55 ± 0.22^c	8.10 ± 0.49^b		T2	4.77 ± 0.09^d	1.52 ± 0.01^d	7.35 ± 0.87^b
	T3	6.05 ± 0.68^b	1.78 ± 0.18^b	7.67 ± 0.87^ab		T3	4.78 ± 0.14^d	1.30 ± 0.08^c	7.46 ± 0.79^b
	T4	5.50 ± 0.11^b	1.76 ± 0.07^b	6.09 ± 0.32^b		T4	3.06 ± 0.04^c	1.29 ± 0.04^c	8.00 ± 0.57^b

土壤盐浓度 Soil salinity		地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g)	地下生物量 Belowground biomass (g)	整株生物量 Total biomass (g)	土壤盐浓度 Soil Salinity		地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g)	地下生物量 Belowground biomass (g)	整株生物量 Total biomass (g)
0‰	CK	4.37 ± 0.29^a	1.18 ± 0.03^a	5.72 ± 0.33^a	6‰	CK	3.59 ± 0.09^a	0.76 ± 0.01^a	5.58 ± 0.70^a
	T1	4.86 ± 0.54^a	1.36 ± 0.06^a	9.71 ± 0.61^b		T1	3.27 ± 0.07^ab	0.82 ± 0.01^a	6.69 ± 0.71^a
	T2	7.77 ± 0.60^b	3.80 ± 0.08^c	8.97 ± 0.14^b		T2	5.61 ± 0.22^c	1.72 ± 0.03^c	8.33 ± 1.01^a
	T3	8.65 ± 0.16^b	2.05 ± 0.21^b	8.70 ± 0.98^b		T3	4.59 ± 0.66^ab	1.46 ± 0.06^b	5.86 ± 0.85^a
	T4	8.01 ± 1.42^b	2.10 ± 0.22^b	10.11 ± 1.62^b		T4	4.46 ± 0.15^b	1.47 ± 0.03^b	7.22 ± 0.77^a
3‰	CK	4.41 ± 0.19^a	0.97 ± 0.10^a	6.01 ± 0.47^a	9‰	CK	2.18 ± 0.05^a	0.45 ± 0.02^a	4.19 ± 0.19^a
	T1	4.11 ± 0.05^a	1.13 ± 0.01^a	6.03 ± 0.35^a		T1	2.62 ± 0.04^b	0.61 ± 0.01^b	5.33 ± 0.33^a
	T2	6.55 ± 0.12^b	2.55 ± 0.22^c	8.10 ± 0.49^b		T2	4.77 ± 0.09^d	1.52 ± 0.01^d	7.35 ± 0.87^b
	T3	6.05 ± 0.68^b	1.78 ± 0.18^b	7.67 ± 0.87^ab		T3	4.78 ± 0.14^d	1.30 ± 0.08^c	7.46 ± 0.79^b
	T4	5.50 ± 0.11^b	1.76 ± 0.07^b	6.09 ± 0.32^b		T4	3.06 ± 0.04^c	1.29 ± 0.04^c	8.00 ± 0.57^b

	丙二醛含量 Malondialdehyde content	超氧化物歧化酶活性 Superoxide dismutase activity	过氧化物酶活性 Peroxide activity	活性氧含量 Hydrogen peroxide content	过氧化氢酶活性 Catalase activity	可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content	可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content	脯氨酸含量 Proline content	相对电导率 Relatively conductivity
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	-0.448^**	0.311	-0.703^**	-0.166	-0.664^**	-0.718^**	-0.154	-0.094	-0.584^**
地下生物量 Belowground biomass	-0.330^*	0.252	-0.650^**	-0.263	-0.527^**	-0.642^**	-0.239	-0.023	-0.497^**
整株生物量 Total biomass	-0.410^*	0.466^**	-0.805^**	-0.237	-0.659^**	-0.725^**	-0.159	-0.079	-0.497^**

	丙二醛含量 Malondialdehyde content	超氧化物歧化酶活性 Superoxide dismutase activity	过氧化物酶活性 Peroxide activity	活性氧含量 Hydrogen peroxide content	过氧化氢酶活性 Catalase activity	可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content	可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content	脯氨酸含量 Proline content	相对电导率 Relatively conductivity
地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	-0.448^**	0.311	-0.703^**	-0.166	-0.664^**	-0.718^**	-0.154	-0.094	-0.584^**
地下生物量 Belowground biomass	-0.330^*	0.252	-0.650^**	-0.263	-0.527^**	-0.642^**	-0.239	-0.023	-0.497^**
整株生物量 Total biomass	-0.410^*	0.466^**	-0.805^**	-0.237	-0.659^**	-0.725^**	-0.159	-0.079	-0.497^**

土壤盐度 Soil salinity	菌株处理 Endophytic fungi	生物量 Biomass	主要影响因子 Major affecting factor	回归方程 Regression equation	R²
3‰	T2	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	SP	Y₁ = 13.727SP	0.998^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	SP	Y₂ = 4.165SP	0.999^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	SP	Y₃ = 17.892SP	0.998^**
	T3	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	CAT	Y₁ = 0.071CAT	0.997^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	H₂O₂	Y₂ = 1.584H₂O₂	0.995^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	CAT	Y₃ = 0.902CAT	0.997^**
	T4	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	REC, PRO, SOD	Y₁ = 21.573REC - 0.528PRO - 0.001SOD	0.998^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	PRO	Y₂ = 1.069PRO	0.978^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	REC	Y₃ = 24.055REC	0.999^**
6‰	T2	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	SP	Y₁ = 15.411SP	0.992^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	REC	Y₂ = 4.748REC	0.994^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	SS	Y₃ = 0.668SS	0.993^**
	T3	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	MDA	Y₁ = 0.245MDA	0.992^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	MDA, CAT, SS	Y₂ = 0.099MDA - 0.007CAT + 0.005SS	0.991^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	MDA	Y₃ = 0.313MDA	0.993^**
	T4	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	H₂O₂	Y₁ = 5.133H₂O₂	0.996^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	SS, PRO, CAT	Y₂ = 0.419SS - 2.023PRO + 0.001CAT	0.995^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	H₂O₂	Y₃ = 6.777H₂O₂	0.995^**
9‰	T2	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	SOD, SP, POD	Y₁ = 0.061SOD - 19.377SP - 0.004POD	0.967^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	CAT, REC, SP	Y₂ = 0.059CAT - 18.461REC - 0.102SP	0.973^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	SOD	Y₃ = 0.026SOD	0.991^**
	T3	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	REC, POD, PRO	Y₁ = 36.719REC - 0.038POD - 0.945PRO	0.970^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	MDA, SS, SOD	Y₂ = 0.212MDA - 0.085SS - 0.001SOD	0.962^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	SP, MDA, PRO	Y₃ = 35.105SP - 0.391MDA + 0.065PRO	0.991^**
	T4	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	SOD	Y₁ = 0.028SOD	0.985^**
		地下生物量 Belowground biomass	MDA	Y₂ = 0.135MDA	0.972^**
		整株生物量 Total biomass	POD, H₂O₂, SS	Y₃ = 0.419POD - 45.734H₂O₂ - 0.015SS	0.985^**