长期氮添加对北方森林林下植物功能性状的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2025.0079

植物生态学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (2): 244-255.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0079 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2025.0079

长期氮添加对北方森林林下植物功能性状的影响

汪子轩¹^,²^,³, 邢爱军¹^,², 陈子歆¹^,²^,³, 沈海花¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 方精云¹^,⁴

¹ 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化重点实验室, 北京 100093
² 国家植物园, 北京 100093
³ 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
⁴ 北京大学城市与环境学院, 生态研究中心, 植被结构功能与建造全国重点实验室, 北京 100871

收稿日期:2025-03-10 接受日期:2025-07-09 出版日期:2026-02-28 发布日期:2026-04-01
通讯作者: *沈海花(shen.haihua@pku.edu.cn)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31988102);国家自然科学基金(32301390)

Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on understory plant functional traits in a boreal forest

WANG Zi-Xuan¹^,²^,³, XING Ai-Jun¹^,², CHEN Zi-Xin¹^,²^,³, SHEN Hai-Hua¹^,²^,³^,^*(), FANG Jing-Yun¹^,⁴

¹ Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
² China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
³ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
⁴ Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Vegetation Structure, Function and Construction, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2025-03-10 Accepted:2025-07-09 Online:2026-02-28 Published:2026-04-01
Contact: *SHEN Hai-Hua (shen.haihua@pku.edu.cn)
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31988102);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301390)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物功能性状反映资源获取的权衡机制, 依据性状的组合可将植物划分为资源获取型和资源保守型。氮是植物生长的必需元素, 氮沉降的增加将通过改变生态系统氮循环, 进而对植物性状和资源获取策略产生影响。然而, 有关氮沉降与植物性状和策略的研究多集中于乔木层, 对林下植物群落, 尤其是北方森林中的研究较为匮乏。该研究依托兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林13年的氮添加实验, 从物种和群落水平探讨氮添加对林下植物性状的影响, 并分析植物资源利用策略的变化。研究结果表明, 氮添加促进了获取型植物(如柴桦(Betula fruticosa)和小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia))的株高、比叶面积和相对盖度; 而抑制了保守型植物(如越橘(Vaccinium vitis-idaea))的株高、相对盖度和光合速率, 表明氮添加有利于获取型策略植物的生长。在群落水平上, 氮添加显著促进了群落平均性状中的叶氮含量、比叶面积和株高, 显著降低了叶磷含量, 这些群落平均性状的变化主要由种内变异引起。相反, 氮添加并没有显著改变大多数性状的功能分散度, 其变化主要与种间变异有关。更重要的是, 群落性状的变化表明, 氮添加促使北方森林林下植物群落的资源利用策略从保守型转变成获取型。综上所述, 该研究揭示了长期氮添加背景下北方森林林下植物群落资源利用策略的变化及其与植物群落组成和生长响应的关系。

关键词: 北方森林, 氮沉降, 植物性状, 资源利用策略, 种间变异, 种内变异

Abstract:

Aims Plant functional traits reflect the trade-off mechanism for resource acquisition, and plants can be classified as resource-acquisitive and resource-conservative based on their trait combinations. Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth, and increased N deposition can affect plant traits and resource acquisition strategies by altering the ecosystem N cycle. However, most studies on the effects of N deposition on plant traits and strategies have focused on the tree layer, with relatively little research on understory plant communities, especially in boreal forests.

Methods This study relied on a thirteen-year of N addition experiments in Larix gmelinii forests to explore the effects of N addition on understory plant traits at the species and community levels, and to analyse changes in plant resource use strategies.

Important findings The results showed that N addition promoted plant height, specific leaf area and relative cover of acquisitive species (e.g. Betula fruticosa and Deyeuxia angustifolia), while it suppressed the plant height, relative cover and photosynthetic rate of conservative plants (e.g. Vaccinium vitis-idaea), suggesting that N addition favoured the growth of plants with acquisitive strategies. At the community level, N addition significantly promoted leaf N content, specific leaf area, and plant height; and significantly reduced leaf phosphorus content in community-weighted mean traits, and these changes were mainly caused by intraspecific variation. In contrast, N addition did not significantly change the functional dispersion of most traits, and these changes were mainly related to interspecific variation. More importantly, the changes in community traits reflect that N addition has shifted in the resource use strategy of boreal forest understory plant communities from conservative to acquisitive. In summary, this study reveals how long-term N addition changes resource use strategies of boreal forest understory plant communities and their relationship with plant community composition and growth response.

Key words: boreal forest, nitrogen deposition, plant trait, resource use strategy, intraspecific variation, interspecific variation

汪子轩, 邢爱军, 陈子歆, 沈海花, 方精云. 长期氮添加对北方森林林下植物功能性状的影响. 植物生态学报, 2026, 50(2): 244-255. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0079

WANG Zi-Xuan, XING Ai-Jun, CHEN Zi-Xin, SHEN Hai-Hua, FANG Jing-Yun. Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on understory plant functional traits in a boreal forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2026, 50(2): 244-255. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2025.0079

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2026/V50/I2/244

图/表 10

图1 不同氮添加处理下林下各物种的植物性状和叶片光合参数(平均值±标准误)。不同小写字母代表同一物种的性状在不同氮添加处理下差异显著(p < 0.05)。Bf, 柴桦; Da, 小叶章; Lp, 杜香; Rl, 高山杜鹃; Vu, 笃斯越橘; Vv, 越橘。CK, 对照; N20, 氮添加20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, 氮添加50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, 氮添加100 kg N·hm-2·a-1。

Fig. 1 Comparison of plant functional traits and leaf photosynthetic parameters among different understory species under different nitrogen addition levels (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen addition levels under the same species (p < 0.05). Bf, Betula fruticosa; Da, Deyeuxia angustifolia; Lp, Ledum palustre; Rl, Rhododendron lapponicum; Vu, Vaccinium uliginosum; Vv, Vaccinium vitis-idaea. CK, no nitrogen addition; N20, nitrogen addition 20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, nitrogen addition 50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, nitrogen addition 100 kg N·hm-2·a-1. Ci, intercellular CO2 concentration; C:N, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio; C:P, leaf carbon to phosphorus ratio; Gs, stomatal conductance; LCC, leaf carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; N:P, leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; Pn, net photosynthetic rate; SLA, specific leaf area; Tr, transpiration rate.

表1 不同氮添加处理下林下各物种相对盖度变化(%) (平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Comparison of relative cover (%) of different understory species under different nitrogen addition levels (mean ± SE)

物种 Species	对照 CK	N20	N50	N100
Bf	30.32 ± 14.47^a	49.07 ± 9.85^a	56.28 ± 8.57^a	52.78 ± 8.84^a
Da	1.12 ± 0.40^b	6.91 ± 2.12^b	20.37 ± 5.09^a	39.52 ± 11.09^a
Lp	23.44 ± 13.46^a	18.39 ± 4.78^a	17.33 ± 2.77^a	3.64 ± 0.02^a
Rl	16.27 ± 10.35^a	7.34 ± 3.79^a	3.85 ± 2.24^a	6.07 ± 4.30^a
Vu	3.22 ± 2.20^a	4.92 ± 4.02^a	0.60 ± 0.00^a	0.97 ± 0.25^a
Vv	25.62 ± 1.00^a	13.38 ± 3.12^b	3.25 ± 1.15^c	0.85 ± 0.24^c

图2 不同氮添加处理下林下各物种主成分分析(PCA)结果(A)及第一主成分(PC1)得分和光合速率(Pn)之间关系(B)。FPC1和FPC2分别代表不同物种性状在PC1和第二主成分(PC2)得分的方差分析结果F值。***, p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05。C:N, 叶碳氮比; C:P, 叶碳磷比; Height, 株高; LCC, 叶碳含量; LNC, 叶氮含量; LPC, 叶磷含量; N:P, 叶氮磷比; SLA, 比叶面积。Bf, 柴桦; Da, 小叶章; Lp, 杜香; Rl, 高山杜鹃; Vu, 笃斯越橘; Vv, 越橘。

Fig. 2 Principal component analysis (PCA) of plant functional traits among different understory species under different nitrogen addition levels (A) and the linear relationship between species principal component 1 (PC1) scores and net photosynthetic rates (Pn) (B). FPC1 and FPC2 represent the F-values obtained from ANOVA testing the differences of scores across different species on PC1 and PC2, respectively. ***, p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05. C:N, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio; C:P, leaf carbon to phosphorus ratio; Height, plant height; LCC, leaf carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; N:P, leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; SLA, specific leaf area. Bf, Betula fruticosa; Da, Deyeuxia angustifolia; Lp, Ledum palustre; Rl, Rhododendron lapponicum; Vu, Vaccinium uliginosum; Vv, Vaccinium vitis-idaea.

图3 不同氮添加处理下群落平均性状(CWM) (A-H)和性状功能分散度(FDis) (I-P) (平均值±标准误)。不同小写字母代表性状在不同氮添加处理下差异显著(p < 0.05)。CK, 对照; N20, 氮添加20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, 氮添加50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, 氮添加100 kg N·hm-2·a-1。

Fig. 3 Comparison of understory plant community-weighted trait means (CWM) (A-H) and functional dispersion index (FDis) (I-P) under different nitrogen addition levels (mean ± SE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among nitrogen addition levels within the same species (p < 0.05). CK, no nitrogen addition; N20, nitrogen addition 20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, nitrogen addition 50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, nitrogen addition 100 kg N·hm-2·a-1. C:N, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio; C:P, leaf carbon to phosphorus ratio; LCC, leaf carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; N:P, leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; SLA, specific leaf area.

表2 不同氮添加处理下林下植物群落净初级生产力(NPP)的方差分析结果(平均值±标准误)

Table 2 ANOVA results of understory net primary productivity (NPP) under different nitrogen addition levels (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	NPP (kg·m^-2·a^-1)
CK	0.013 ± 0.004^a
N20	0.024 ± 0.004^a
N50	0.026 ± 0.003^a
N100	0.031 ± 0.009^a

图4 种内变异(ITV)和种间变异(ST)对群落平均性状(CWM) (A)和性状功能分散度(FDis) (B)响应氮添加变化的贡献度。竖线代表性状总变化(Total, 包含ITV和ST及其交互效应)。图中−/−/−分别代表ITV/ST/Total的变化显著性: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。C:N, 叶碳氮比; C:P, 叶碳磷比; Height, 株高; LCC, 叶碳含量; LNC, 叶氮含量; LPC, 叶磷含量; N:P, 叶氮磷比; SLA, 比叶面积。

Fig. 4 Contribution of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) and species turnover (ST) to changes in community-weighted trait mean (CWM, A) and functional dispersion index (FDis, B) in response to nitrogen addition. The vertical bars represent total variation. The −/−/− symbols represent statistical significance of the ITV/ST/Total variation, respectively: ns, p > 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. C:N, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio; C:P, leaf carbon to phosphorus ratio; Height, plant height; LCC, leaf carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; N:P, leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; SLA, specific leaf area.

图5 不同氮添加处理下群落平均性状的主成分分析(PCA)结果(A)及第一主成分(PC1)得分和群落净初级生产力(NPP)的关系(B)。FPC1和FPC2分别代表不同氮添加处理下性状在PC1和第二主成分(PC2)得分的方差分析结果F值。***, p < 0.001; ns, p > 0.05。CK, 对照; N20, 氮添加20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, 氮添加50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, 氮添加100 kg N·hm-2·a-1。C:N, 叶碳氮比; C:P, 叶碳磷比; Height, 株高; LCC, 叶碳含量; LNC, 叶氮含量; LPC, 叶磷含量; N:P, 叶氮磷比; SLA, 比叶面积。

Fig. 5 Principal component analysis (PCA) of community-weighted trait mean (CWM) under different nitrogen addition levels (A) and the linear relationship between CWM principal component 1 (PC1) scores and understory community net primary productivity (NPP) (B). FPC1 and FPC2 represent the F-values obtained from ANOVA testing for differences in scores across nitrogen addition levels on PC1 and PC2, respectively. ns, p > 0.05; ***, p < 0.001. CK, no nitrogen addition; N20, nitrogen addition 20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, nitrogen addition 50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, nitrogen addition 100 kg N·hm-2·a-1. C:N, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio; C:P, leaf carbon to phosphorus ratio; Height, plant height; LCC, leaf carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; N:P, leaf nitrogen to phosphorus ratio; SLA, specific leaf area.

附录I 2023年越橘盖度与生物量的关系 CK, 对照; N20, 氮添加20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, 氮添加50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, 氮添加100 kg N·hm-2·a-1。

Supplement I Relationship between cover and biomass of Vaccinium vitis-idaea in 2023 CK, no nitrogen addition; N20, nitrogen addition 20 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N50, nitrogen addition 50 kg N·hm-2·a-1; N100, nitrogen addition 100 kg N·hm-2·a-1.

附录 II 物种主成分分析中不同物种性状在第一主成分(PC1)得分的方差分析结果

Supplement II ANOVA results of species principal component 1 (PC1) scores of different species

物种 Species	PC1
Bf	-1.97 ± 0.15^e
Da	-1.23 ± 0.36^d
Lp	1.07 ± 0.21^b
Rl	-0.45 ± 0.16^c
Vu	-0.84 ± 0.18^cd
Vv	3.22 ± 0.20^a

附录 III 群落性状主成分分析中不同氮添加下性状在第一主成分(PC1)得分的方差分析结果

Supplement III ANOVA results of community-weighted trait mean (CWM) principal component 1 (PC1) scores in different nitrogen addition levels

处理 Treatment	CWM PC1
CK	3.36 ± 0.30^a
N20	0.37 ± 0.72^b
N50	-1.37 ± 0.32^c
N100	-2.36 ± 0.23^c

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长期氮添加对北方森林林下植物功能性状的影响

Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on understory plant functional traits in a boreal forest

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