1988-2006年辽河三角洲植被结构的变化

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在人类干扰和气候波动的影响下, 辽河三角洲的植被结构发生了显著变化。该文研究了辽河三角洲植被结构的变化, 对于保护该地区生态系统、促使其健康发展具有重要意义。研究区域包括了整个辽河三角洲。资料来源主要是1988年和2006年的TM (Landsat Thematic Mapper)遥感图像。采用数字化、制作植被图和叠加分析等方法研究探讨了辽河三角洲植被结构的特点, 以及植被的空间分布转移和面积变化。结果显示, 以双台子河口为中心, 4大植被类型(自然湿地植被、人工湿地植被、人工旱地植被和自然旱地植被)大体上构成半环状分布格局。从整体上看, 从1988年至2006年, 植被结构仍然保持半环状的空间格局。但是, 主要植被类型的空间分布趋于集中, 形成了比较大的斑块, 而不是离散、破碎的。从植被类型间相互转化的情况看, 几乎所有植被类型的空间分布和面积都有明显改变。在绝对面积上, 水稻(Oryza sativa)田、玉米(Zea mays)地和滨海芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地是辽河三角洲3个面积最大的植被类型。水稻田是面积增加最多的植被类型, 增加977.1 km²; 而玉米地是面积减少最多的植被类型, 减少622.2 km²。在面积变化幅度上, 水稻田、玉米地和滨海芦苇湿地的变化幅度分别为33.2%、-16.1%、-23.2%。面积减少幅度最大的植被类型是草地, -77.9%; 面积增加幅度最大的植被类型是翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera)盐化草甸, 212.1%。

关键词: 滨海湿地, 生态系统, 景观破碎化, 辽河三角洲, 植被图, 植被结构

Abstract:

Aims An obvious transformation of vegetation structure in the Liaohe Delta has resulted from climatic fluctuation and human disturbance. We focus on the transformation of vegetation structure with the objective of contributing to management for maintaining a healthy ecosystem.

Methods The study area included the entire Liaohe Delta, and data sources came from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery in 1988 and 2006. The methods of digitizing, mapping vegetation and overlay analysis were used to explore structural characteristics, changed distributions and transformed areas of vegetation.

Important findings The vegetation pattern consisted of a semi-ring of four main vegetation types (natural wetland, constructed wetland, constructed dryland and natural dryland vegetation) encircling the estuary of Shuangtaizi River. In terms of this macrostructure, the vegetation pattern did not change greatly, and the main vegetation types tended to aggregate rather than fragment as relatively large vegetation landscapes came into being from 1988 to 2006. However, almost all vegetation types changed in spatial distribution and area. In terms of vegetation area, the main vegetation types were rice (Oryza sativa) land, maize (Zea mays) land and coastal wetland reed. Rice land vegetation had the largest increase in area (977.1 km²), while maize land vegetation had the largest decrease (622.2 km²). The transforming percentages among vegetation types were 33.2%, -16.1% and -23.2% for rice land, maize land and coastal wetland reed, respectively. The meadow had the maximal decrease (-77.9%), while the community of salt meadow seepweed (Suaeda hetroptera) had the maximal increase (212.1%).

Key words: coastal wetland, ecosystem, landscape fragmentation, Liaohe Delta, vegetation map, vegetation structure

汲玉河, 周广胜. 1988-2006年辽河三角洲植被结构的变化. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(4): 359-367. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.001

JI Yu-He, ZHOU Guang-Sheng. Transformation of vegetation structure in China’s Liaohe Delta during 1988-2006. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(4): 359-367. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.001

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.001

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I4/359

图/表 6

图1 辽河三角洲的地理范围: 东至大清河口, 西至小凌河口, 南至渤海, 北至盘锦市最北端。

Fig. 1 The geographical location of the Liaohe Delta: east extremely to the estuary of Daqinghe river; west extremely to the estuary of Xiaolinghe river; south extremely to Bohai Sea; north extremely to the northernmost region of Panjin.

图2 1988年辽河三角洲地区的植被空间分布图。

Fig. 2 The spatial distribution map of vegetation in the Liaohe Delta in 1988.

图3 2006年辽河三角洲地区的植被空间分布图。

Fig. 3 The spatial distribution map of vegetation in the Liaohe Delta in 2006.

图4 1988年(A)和2006年(B)辽河三角洲植被面积比例图。 a, 水产养殖场; b, 裸滩; c, 城市; d, 草地; e, 玉米地; f, 港口; g, 滨海芦苇湿地; h, 水稻田; i, 河湖; j, 盐田; k, 翅碱蓬盐化草甸; l, 灌丛; m, 树林。

Fig. 4 The proportion map of vegetation types in the Liaohe Delta in 1988 (A) and 2006 (B). a, aquafarm; b, bareland; c, city; d, grassland; e, maize land; f, port; g, coastal wetland reed; h, rice land; i, river and lake; j, salt field; k, salt meadow seepweed; l, shrub; m, woods.

表1 1988-2006年辽河三角洲的植被面积及其变化幅度

Table 1 The area and the transformation rate of vegetation types in the Liaohe Delta from1988 to 2006

类型 Type	1988		2006
类型 Type	面积 Area (km²)	比例 Percentage (%)	面积 Area (km²)	比例 Percentage (%)	变化面积 Changed area (km²)	变幅 Changed rate (%)
玉米地 Maize land	3 860.8	27.84	3 238.6	23.36	-622.2	-16.1
海洋 Sea	3 712.0	26.77	3 549.0	25.59	-163.0	-4.4
水稻田 Rice land	2 942.9	21.22	3 920.0	28.27	977.1	33.2
滨海芦苇湿地 Coastal wetland reed	1 188.2	8.57	912.6	6.58	-275.6	-23.2
灌丛 Shrub	732.4	5.28	670.4	4.83	-62.0	-8.5
草地 Grassland	474.6	3.42	104.9	0.76	-369.7	-77.9
河湖 River and lake	262.8	1.90	265.8	1.92	3.0	1.1
盐田 Salt field	228.7	1.65	258.5	1.86	29.8	13.0
裸滩 Bare land	158.4	1.14	219.5	1.58	61.1	38.6
城市 City	119.1	0.86	259.8	1.87	140.7	118.1
水产养殖场 Aquafarm	91.3	0.66	326.7	2.36	235.4	257.8
树林 Woods	86.0	0.62	107.0	0.77	21.0	24.4
翅碱蓬盐化草甸 Salt meadow seepweed	9.1	0.07	28.4	0.20	19.3	212.1
港口 Port	0	0	5.1	0.04	5.1
总计 Total	13 866.3	100	13 866.3	100

表2 1988-2006年辽河三角洲的植被转移矩阵

Table 2 The transfer matrix of vegetation types in the Liaohe Delta from 1988 to 2006

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