东北东部山区11种温带树种粗木质残体分解与碳氮释放

doi:10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用长期定位跟踪实测方法, 比较分析了我国东北温带森林4个水热状况不同的立地条件(红松(Pinus koraiensis)人工林、硬阔叶林、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林和林外空旷地)下11个温带树种粗木质残体(CWD)分解初期3年中的碳氮动态及其影响因子。测定树种包括: 白桦(Betula platyphylla)、山杨(Populus davidiana)、紫椴(Tilia amurensis)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、蒙古栎、色木槭(Acer mono)、春榆(Ulmus japonica)、红松、黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)和水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)。结果表明: 在分解过程中, 所有树种CWD的碳浓度没有明显变化(p > 0.05), 但其干重、碳密度、氮浓度和氮密度均随分解进程不同程度地减小, 碳氮比(C/N)则增大, 而且树种间差异显著(p < 0.001)。针叶树种的CWD分解速率显著地低于阔叶树种, 其中白桦的3年CWD干重损失率(65%)约为兴安落叶松(22%)的3倍。径级大的CWD分解较慢。CWD分解与碳氮释放均与CWD的初始N含量呈正相关, 而与初始C/N呈负相关。4个立地条件下CWD的干重和碳氮含量的变化差异不显著, 均表现出一致的变化趋势。该研究指出, 在分解初期的前3年中, CWD基本上是一个碳源和氮源。

关键词: 碳密度, 碳氮比, 倒木, 氮密度

Abstract:

Aims Our objectives were to quantify the loss of coarse woody debris (CWD) mass, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and main influencing factors during the first three years of CWD decomposition of 11 major tree species in Chinese temperate forests based on an in situ long-term experiment.

Methods The experimental design was completely randomized blocking design of 11 species × 6 blocks × 4 sites. The species were white birch (Betula platyphylla), Amur linden (Tilia amurensis), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica), cork-tree (Phellodendron amurense), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica), Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii), Mono maple (Acer mono), Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), popular (Populus davidiana), and Japanese elm (Ulmus japonica). The four sites with various environmental conditions were Mongolian oak forest, hardwood forest, Korean pine plantation and open field. We randomly selected three CWD samples for each tree species in each site and cut a 5 cm-thick disc at the end of the CWD in October 2005 and October 2008, respectively, for measuring C concentration, C density, N concentration, N density, C/N ratio and CWD density.

Important findings The C concentration of CWD did not change significantly during the early stage of CWD decomposition for all species (p > 0.05). The CWD mass, C density, N concentration and N density decreased during decomposition, whereas the C/N ratio increased. The differences in these parameters among the species were significant (p < 0.001). The coniferous species had significantly lower decomposition rates than the broad-leaved species. There was a negative correlation between size and decay rate. Loss of mass and release of C and N of the CWD were positively correlated with the initial N content, but negatively correlated with the initial C/N ratio. The changes of mass and C and N content of CWD had similar patterns at the four sites. Our results indicated that the CWD tended to be C and N sources during the first 3-year decomposition process.

Key words: carbon density, carbon nitrogen ratio, downed log, nitrogen density

张利敏, 王传宽. 东北东部山区11种温带树种粗木质残体分解与碳氮释放. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34(4): 368-374. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.002

ZHANG Li-Min, WANG Chuan-Kuan. Carbon and nitrogen release during decomposition of coarse woody debris for eleven temperate tree species in the eastern mountain region of northeast China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(4): 368-374. DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.04.002

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2010/V34/I4/368

图/表 6

表1 2005年11个树种粗木质残体的C、N含量(平均值(标准差), n = 12)

Table 1 Carbon and nitrogen contents in coarse woody debris of 11 tree species in 2005 (mean (SD), n = 12)

树种 Species	C_c (mg·g^-1)	C_d (mg·cm^-3)	N_c (mg·g^-1)	N_d (mg·cm^-3)	C/N	ρ (g·cm^-3)	D (cm)
BH	495 (8.8)	276 (4.9)	2.1 (0.4)	1.2 (0.2)	241 (39)	0.56	25.2 (2.82)
ZD	496 (9.4)	213 (4.0)	4.4 (1.0)	1.9 (0.4)	118 (22)	0.43	22.9 (4.30)
HS	516 (11.5)	212 (4.7)	1.3 (0.2)	0.6 (0.1)	398 (63)	0.41	23.0 (3.14)
HTQ	489 (9.7)	226 (4.5)	2.6 (0.7)	1.2 (0.3)	201 (57)	0.46	26.7 (4.87)
HB	503 (9.1)	241 (4.4)	2.4 (0.5)	1.2 (0.2)	216 (47)	0.48	23.7 (5.57)
MGL	507 (14.1)	346 (9.7)	2.5 (0.7)	1.7 (0.5)	218 (50)	0.68	29.4 (7.28)
LYS	509 (6.8)	222 (3.0)	1.4 (0.4)	0.6 (0.1)	402 (113)	0.44	27.7 (2.88)
SMQ	504 (7.3)	340 (4.9)	2.3 (0.7)	1.6 (0.5)	231 (65)	0.68	27.3 (8.13)
SQL	497 (10.6)	336 (7.2)	2.4 (0.9)	1.6 (0.6)	232 (84)	0.68	28.9 (3.46)
SY	478 (27.1)	196 (11.1)	2.3 (1.0)	0.9 (0.4)	211 (75)	0.41	27.5 (3.52)
CY	501 (8.4)	278 (0.6)	2.0 (0.6)	1.1 (0.3)	268 (60)	0.55	25.4 (5.89)

表2 影响CWD的C、N释放的因子的方差分析

Table 2 ANOVA test of the factors affecting CWD carbon and nitrogen losses

CWD参数 CWD parameter		立地 Site	树种 Species	立地 × 树种 Site × species
C_c	自由度df	3/129	10/129	30/129
	F	0.97	1.03	0.90
	p	0.41	0.42	0.62
C_d	自由度df	3/129	10/129	30/129
	F	2.09	16.36	1.43
	p	0.11	< 0.001	0.10
N_c	自由度df	3/128	10/128	30/128
	F	0.91	3.08	0.67
	p	0.44	< 0.001	0.90
N_d	自由度df	3/128	10/128	30/128
	F	1.40	4.79	0.61
	p	0.25	< 0.001	0.94
C/N	自由度df	3/128	10/128	30/128
	F	2.24	1.03	1.18
	p	0.42	0.09	0.27
M	自由度df	3/129	10/129	30/129
	F	2.08	21.28	1.82
	p	0.11	< 0.001	0.17

图1 11个树种粗木质残体分解3年后的干重(M)和C、N剩余量。 A-D表示显著性差异组别(p = 0.05)。BH、CY、HB、HS、HTQ、LYS、MGL、SMQ、SQL、SY、ZD、Cc、Cd、Nc和Nd见表1。

Fig. 1 Remaining coarse woody debris dry mass (M), C and N contents after three years decomposition for the 11 tree species. The A-D in the figure represent the significant difference groups (p = 0.05). BH, CY, HB, HS, HTQ, LYS, MGL, SMQ, SQL, SY, ZD, Cc, Cd, Nc, and Nd see Table 1.

图2 4种立地条件下11个树种粗木质残体分解3年后的干重和C、N剩余量平均值。 HS, 红松人工林; LW, 林外空旷地; MGL, 蒙古栎林; YK, 硬阔叶林。Cc, Cd, Nc, Nd, M和C/N见表1和表2。

Fig. 2 Average coarse woody debris dry mass, C and N contents remaining after three years decomposition across the 11 tree species in the four sites. HS, korean pine plantation; LW, open field; MGL, mongolian oak forest; YK, hardwood forest. Cc, Cd, Nc, Nd, M, and C/N see Table 1 and Table 2.

图3 11个树种分解3年后CWD的C/N比的变化。 BH、CY、HB、HS、HTQ、LYS、MGL、SMQ、SQL、SY、ZD见表1。

Fig. 3 Changes in CWD C/N ratio after three years decomposition for the 11 tree species. BH, CY, HB, HS, HTQ, LYS, MGL, SMQ, SQL, SY, ZD see Table 1.

表3 分解3年后粗木质残体(CWD)干重和C、N参数的变化与其初始状况的相关系数

Table 3 Correlation coefficients of changes in dry mass and carbon nitrogen parameters after three years decomposition with the initial status of the coarse woody debris (CWD)

CWD参数 CWD parameter	C_c (08/05)	C_d (08/05)	N_c (08/05)	N_d (08/05)	M (08/05)
ρ (05)	-	-	0.20^*	-	-
C_c (05)	-0.56^**	-	-	-	-
C_d (05)	-	-	0.20^*	0.19^*	-
N_c(05)	-	-0.34^**	-0.22^*	-0.35^**	-0.35^**
N_d (05)	-	-0.26^**	-	-0.26^**	-0.27^**
C/N (05)	-	0.33^**	0.18^*	0.31^**	0.36^**
D		0.21^*			0.20^*

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