河北省天然草地生物量和碳密度空间分布格局

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2015.0300

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分析不同草地类型生物量与碳密度空间分布特征及其影响因素, 揭示草地植物碳库的变化规律, 对于了解我国草地生态系统碳汇具有重要意义。2011-2013年以河北省天然草地为研究对象, 调查了不同草地类型的地上活体生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及各组分的碳密度。结果表明: 温性草原、温性草甸、温性山地草甸、低地盐化草甸、暖性草丛和暖性灌草丛6种草地类型的总生物量差异显著, 其中低地盐化草甸总生物量最高, 为2 770.2 g·m ^-2, 而温性草原最低, 为747.6 g·m ^-2, 前者约为后者的3.7倍; 地上活体生物量最大的是低地盐化草甸, 其次是暖性灌草丛和温性山地草甸, 最小的是温性草原, 分别为285.0、235.1、203.1和110.6 g·m ^-2; 凋落物生物量也是低地盐化草甸最大, 其次是温性山地草甸和温性草甸, 分别为584.0、187.9和91.0 g·m ^-2。6种草地类型的根系生物量均大于地上生物量, 是地上生物量的1.9-4.3倍, 不同草地类型根冠比的平均值为3.1; 低地盐化草甸的根系生物量最高, 为1901.3 g·m ^-2, 温性草原的根系生物量最低, 只有低地盐化草甸的1/3。在各类草地生物量碳密度方面, 低地盐化草甸的地上活体碳密度、凋落物碳密度与根系碳密度均为最大, 分别为132.7、81.2和705.9 g C·m ^-2。草地地上生物量、凋落物生物量和根系生物量以及总生物量均随海拔的升高先减少而后增加(p < 0.05); 草地生态系统总生物量和根系生物量随大于10 ℃积温的增加先降低而后升高(p < 0.01)。该研究中暖性灌草丛多分布在石质山区, 土层很薄, 植物地上生物量和根系生物量都比土层较厚的草甸草原低。可见, 在较大区域比较不同草地类型生物量时, 应综合考虑气候、土壤、地理等因素。

关键词: 地上活体生物量, 凋落物生物量, 根系生物量, 碳密度, 环境因子, 天然草地

Abstract:

Aims Grassland is an important component of the global terrestrial ecosystem and plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of biomass and carbon density and their constraining environmental factors in different types of grasslands is crucial for revealing the variations of grassland carbon pool and understanding the grassland ecosystem carbon sequestration in China. The objective of this study was to determine the spatial patterns of biomass and carbon density distribution in natural grasslands of Hebei Province, China.

Methods The aboveground biomass, root biomass, litter mass, and their carbon densities were investigated in 390 grassland plots from 78 sites representative of six different types of natural grasslands based on vegetation, soil and climate from 2011 to 2013. The grassland types include temperate steppe, temperate meadow, temperate mountain meadow, low-land saline meadow, warm-temperate tussock and warm-temperate shrub tussock.

Important findings There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the total biomass among the six grassland types, with the highest value of 2770.2 g·m^-2 in the low-land saline meadow and lowest value of 747.6 g·m^-2 in the temperate steppe. The low-land saline meadow also had the highest value in the aboveground biomass (285.0 g·m^-2), followed by the warm-temperate shrub tussock (235.1 g·m^-2) and the temperate mountain meadow (203.1 g·m^-2); the lowest value in aboveground biomass was found in the temperate steppe (110.6 g·m^-2). The litter mass was largest in the lowland saline meadow (584.0 g·m^-2), followed by the temperate mountain meadow (187.9 g·m^-2) and the warm-temperate shrub tussock (91.0 g·m^-2). The values of root biomass were 1.9-4.3 times greater than that of aboveground biomass across the six types of grasslands, resulting in average root:shoot ratio of 3.1. The root biomass was largest in the lowland saline meadow (1901.3 g·m^-2), and smallest in the temperate steppe with only 1/3 of that in the former. In terms of carbon density, lowland saline meadow also displayed the largest values among all the types of grasslands. The values of carbon density in the aboveground vegetation, litter and root were respectively 132.7, 81.2, and 705.9 g C·m^-2. In all grassland types, the biomass of aboveground vegetation and root, litter mass, and total biomass decreased initially and then increased with elevation (p < 0.05). With the increasing accumulative temperatures >10 °C, the root biomass and the total biomass decreased initially and then increased (p < 0.01). In this study, the warm-temperate shrub tussock mostly distributes in the rocky mountain area where the soil layer is very thin, leading to the lower biomass relatively to the temperate meadow. Therefore, climate, soil and geographical factors should be comprehensively considered when comparing the biomass among different grassland types in large area.

Key words: aboveground biomass, litter mass, root biomass, carbon density, environmental factor, natural grassland

岑宇, 王成栋, 张震, 任侠, 刘美珍, 杨帆. 河北省天然草地生物量和碳密度空间分布格局. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(3): 265-276. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0300

CEN Yu, WANG Cheng-Dong, ZHANG Zhen, REN Xia, LIU Mei-Zhen, YANG Fan. Spatial distributions of biomass and carbon density in natural grasslands of Hebei, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(3): 265-276. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0300

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2015.0300

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I3/265

图/表 9

图1 实验中6种草地类型的取样地在河北省的分布情况。

Fig. 1 The distribution of sampling sites in the experiment in Hebei Province.

表1 河北省不同草地类型的样地数和植物群落主要优势种

Table 1 Information on the number of plots and dominant species for different types of grasslands in Hebei Province

草地类型 Grassland type	样本数 Sample size	优势种 Dominant species
温性草原 Temperate steppe	30	冰草、羊草、百里香、大针茅 Agropyron cristatum, Leymus chinensis, Thymus mongolicus, Stipa grandis
温性草甸 Temperate meadow	13	委陵菜、披针薹草、地榆 Potentilla chinensis, Carex lancifolia, Sanguisorba officinalis
温性山地草甸 Temperate mountain meadow	9	龙牙草、篷子菜、直穗披碱草 Agrimonia pilosa, Galium verum, Elymus gmelinii
低地盐化草甸 Low-land saline meadow	3	叉分蓼、白花马蔺、芨芨草 Polygonum divaricatum, Iris lacteal, Achnatherum splendens
暖性草丛 Warm-temperate tussock	4	阿拉伯黄背草、矮蒿 Themeda triandra, Artemisia lancea
暖性灌草丛 Warm-temperate shrub tussock	19	胡枝子、荆条、绣线菊、金色狗尾草 Lespedeza bicolor, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Spiraea salicifolia, Setaria glauca

图2 不同草地类型地上活体生物量、凋落物生物量与根系生物量(平均值±标准偏差)。1, 温性草原; 2, 温性草甸; 3, 温性山地草甸; 4, 低地盐化草甸; 5, 暖性草丛; 6, 暖性灌草丛。不同的小写字母表示不同草地类型间的生物量差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 The aboveground biomass, litter mass and root biomass in different types of grasslands (mean ± SD). 1, temperate steppe; 2, temperate meadow; 3, temperate mountain meadow; 4, low-land saline meadow; 5, warm-temperate tussock; 6, warm- temperate shrub tussock. Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences in biomass among different types of grasslands (p < 0.05).

图3 不同草地类型地上活体生物量、凋落物生物量与根系生物量各部分分配比例。1, 温性草原; 2, 温性草甸; 3, 温性山地草甸; 4, 低地盐化草甸; 5, 暖性草丛; 6, 暖性灌草丛。

Fig. 3 Proportions of aboveground biomass, litter mass and root biomass in different types of grasslands. 1, temperate steppe; 2, temperate meadow; 3, temperate mountain meadow; 4, low- land saline meadow; 5, warm-temperate tussock; 6, warm- temperate shrub tussock.

图4 不同草地类型地上活体碳密度、凋落物碳密度与根系碳密度(平均值±标准差)。1, 温性草原; 2, 温性草甸; 3, 温性山地草甸; 4, 低地盐化草甸; 5, 暖性草丛; 6, 暖性灌草丛。不同的小写字母表示不同草地类型的生物量之间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 The aboveground carbon density, litter carbon density and root carbon density in different types of grasslands (mean ± SD). 1, temperate steppe; 2, temperate meadow; 3, temperate mountain meadow; 4, low-land saline meadow; 5, warm- temperate tussock; 6, warm-temperate shrub tussock. Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences in carbon density among different types of grasslands (p < 0.05).

图5 不同草地类型地上活体、凋落物与根系各部分碳密度分配比例。1, 温性草原; 2, 温性草甸; 3, 温性山地草甸; 4, 低地盐化草甸; 5, 暖性草丛; 6, 暖性灌草丛。

Fig. 5 Proportions of aboveground carbon density, litter carbon density and root carbon density in different types of grasslands. 1, temperate steppe; 2, temperate meadow; 3, temperate mountain meadow; 4, low-land saline meadow; 5, warm- temperate tussock; 6, warm-temperate shrub tussock.

图6 草地生态系统地上生物量、凋落物生物量、根系生物量及总生物量与海拔之间的关系。

Fig. 6 Relationships of aboveground biomass, litter mass, root biomass, and total biomass with elevation in the grassland ecosystem.

图7 草地生态系统地上生物量、凋落物生物量、根系生物量及总生物量与降水量之间的关系。降水量是取样地区的平均年降水量。

Fig. 7 Relationships of aboveground biomass, litter mass, root biomass, and total biomass with precipitation in the grassland ecosystem. Here the precipitation is the mean of the annual precipitation of all sampling sites.

图8 草地生态系统地上生物量、凋落物生物量、根系生物量及总生物量与积温之间的关系。积温采用的是日平均温度大于10 ℃以上的积温。

Fig. 8 Relationships of aboveground biomass, litter mass, root biomass, and total biomass with accumulative temperature in the grassland ecosystem. The accumulative temperature is the mean of the accumulative temperatures > 10 °C of all sampling sites.

参考文献 35

[1]	Animal Husbandry and Fishery Bureau of Hebei Province ( 1990). Grassland Resources in Hebei Province. Science and Technology Press of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang.
	河北省畜牧水产局 ( 1990). 河北草地资源. 河北科学技术出版社, 石家庄.
[2]	Animal Husbandry Bureau of Hebei Province ( 1997). Grassland Construction in Hebei. Science and Technology Press of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang.
	河北省畜牧局 ( 1997). 河北草地建设. 河北科学技术出版社, 石家庄.
[3]	Bai YF, Zhang LX, Zhang Y, Chen ZZ ( 2002). Changes in plant functional composition along gradients of precipitation and temperature in the Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 26, 308-316. DOI URL
	白永飞, 张丽霞, 张炎, 陈佐忠 ( 2002). 内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物群落功能群植物组成沿水热梯度变化的样带研究. 植物生态学报, 26, 308-316. DOI URL
[4]	Chang TJ, Wang JL, Li P, Cheng HH, Fang HL ( 2007). Carbon density and reserve of alpine grassland vegetation in northern Tibet. Ecological Science, 26, 437-442. DOI URL
	常天军, 王建林, 李鹏, 成海宏, 方华丽 ( 2007). 藏北高寒草地植被的碳密度与碳贮量. 生态科学, 26, 437-442. DOI URL
[5]	Chen ZZ, Wang SP ( 2000). Typical Grassland Ecosystem in China. Science Press, Beijing.
	陈佐忠, 汪诗平 ( 2000). 中国典型草原生态系统. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[6]	Deng L, Shangguan ZP ( 2012). Distribution of natural grassland biomass and its relationship with influencing factors in Shaanxi. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 20, 825-835. DOI URL
	邓蕾, 上官周平 ( 2012). 陕西省天然草地生物量空间分布格局及其影响因素. 草地学报, 20, 825-835. DOI URL
[7]	Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, the General Station of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, the Ministry of Agriculture , China ( 1996). Rangeland Resources of China. China Science and Technology Press, Beijing.
	中华人民共和国农业部兽医司, 全国畜牧兽医总站 ( 1996). 中国草地资源. 中国科学技术出版社, 北京.
[8]	Du GZ, Tan GL, Li ZZ, Liu ZH, Dong GS ( 2003). Relationship between species richness and productivity in an alpine meadow plant community. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 27, 125-132. DOI URL
	杜国祯, 覃光莲, 李自珍, 刘正恒, 董高升 ( 2003). 高寒草甸植物群落中物种丰富度与生产力的关系研究. 植物生态学报, 27, 125-132. DOI URL
[9]	Ellis J ( 1992). Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China. National Academy Press, Washington.
[10]	Fan JW, Zhong HP, Warwick Harris, Yu GR, Wang SQ, Hu ZM, Yue YZ ( 2008). Carbon storage in the grasslands of China based on field measurements of above- and below- ground biomass. Climatic Change, 86, 375-396. DOI URL
[11]	Fang JY, Liu GH, Xu SL ( 1996). Carbon pool of terrestrial ecosystem in China. In: Wang GC, Wen YP eds. Greenhouse gas Concentration and Emission Monitoring and Related Processes. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing.
	方精云, 刘国华, 徐嵩龄 ( 1996). 中国陆地生态系统的碳库. 见:王庚辰, 温玉璞. 温室气体浓度和排放监测及相关过程. 中国环境科学出版社, 北京. 109-128.
[12]	Fang JY, Yang YH, Ma WH, Mohammat A, Shen HH ( 2010). Ecosystem carbon stocks and their changes in China’s grasslands. Science China: Life Sciences, 53, 757-765. DOI URL PMID
[13]	Han B, Fan JW, Zhong HP ( 2006). Grassland biomass of communities along gradients of the Inner Mongolia grassland transect. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 30, 553-562.
	韩彬, 樊江文, 钟华平 ( 2006). 内蒙古草地样带植物群落生物量的梯度研究. 植物生态学报, 30, 553-562.
[14]	Han YW, Gao JX ( 2005). Analysis of main ecological problems of grasslands and relevant countermeasures in China. Research of Environmental Sciences, 18(3), 60-62.
	韩永伟, 高吉喜 ( 2005). 中国草地主要生态环境问题分析与防治对策. 环境科学研究, 18(3), 60-62.
[15]	Li B ( 1997). The rangeland degradation in north China and its preventive strategy. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 30(6), 1-9.
	李博 ( 1997). 中国北方草地退化及其防治对策. 中国农业科学, 30(6), 1-9.
[16]	Liao YT ( 1981). Grassland resources and utilization in Hebei. Journal of Hebei Agricultural University, 4(2), 1-11.
	繆应庭 ( 1981). 河北草地资源与利用. 河北农业大学学报, 4(2), 1-11.
[17]	Lu CQ, Sun SC ( 2004). A review on the distribution patterns of carbon density in terrestrial ecosystems. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 28, 692-703. DOI URL
[18]	Ma WH, Fang JY, Yang YH, Mohammat A ( 2010). Biomass carbon stocks and their changes in northern China’s grasslands during 1982-2006. Science China: Life Sciences, 53, 841-850. DOI URL PMID
[19]	Ma WH, Yang YH, He JS, Zeng H, Fang JY ( 2008). Relationship between biomass and environmental factors in temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 38, 84-92. DOI URL
	马文红, 杨元合, 贺金生, 曾辉, 方精云 ( 2008). 内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系. 中国科学: 生命科学, 38, 84-92. DOI URL
[20]	Ni J ( 2001). Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of China: Estimates at different spatial resolutions and their responses to climate change. Climatic Change, 49, 339-358. DOI URL
[21]	Ni J ( 2002). Carbon storage in grasslands of China. Journal of Arid Environments, 50, 205-218. DOI URL
[22]	Ni J ( 2004a). Forage yield-based carbon storage in grasslands of China. Climate Change, 67, 237-246. DOI URL
[23]	Ni J ( 2004b). Estimating net primary productivity of grasslands from field biomass measurements in temperate northern China. Plant Ecology, 174, 217-234. DOI URL
[24]	Piao SL, Fang JY, Zhou LM, Tan K, Tao S ( 2007). Changes in biomass carbon stocks in China’s grasslands between 1982 and 1999. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21, GB2002, DOI: 10.1029/2005GB002634. DOI URL
[25]	Scurlock JMO, Hall DO ( 1998). The global carbon sink: A grassland perspective. Global Change Biology, 4, 229-233. DOI URL
[26]	Song LM, Ma XH, Wei YL, Ma ZT, Ma FL, Wang JM ( 2009). Causes and countermeasures of degradation and desertification of natural meadow in Haibei District of Qinghai Province. Pratacultural Science, 26(7), 186-190.
	宋理明, 马骁虹, 魏永林, 马忠泰, 马扶林, 王建民 ( 2009). 海北州天然草地退化沙化成因与对策. 草业科学, 26(7), 186-190.
[27]	Xiao X, Ojima DS, Parton WJ, Chen Z, Chen D ( 1995). Sensitivity of Inner Mongolia grasslands to climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 643-648. DOI URL
[28]	Xie GD, Zhang YL, Lu CX, Zhen D, Cheng SK ( 2001). Study on valuation of rangeland ecosystem services of China. Journal of Natural Resources, 16, 47-53. DOI URL
	谢高地, 张钇锂, 鲁春霞, 郑度, 成升魁 ( 2001). 中国自然草地生态系统服务价值. 自然资源学报, 16, 47-53. DOI URL
[29]	Xin XP, Zhang BH, Li G, Zhang HB, Chen BR, Yang JX ( 2009). Variation in spatial pattern of grassland biomass in China from 1982 to 2003. Journal of Natural Resources, 24, 1582-1592.
	辛晓平, 张保辉, 李刚, 张宏斌, 陈宝瑞, 杨桂霞 ( 2009). 1982-2003年中国草地生物量时空格局变化研究. 自然资源学报, 24, 1582-1592.
[30]	Xu MY, Li YQ, Xie F, Wang K, Yu HL, Jing FJ, Li LS, Li JX, Li XF ( 2010). Dynamic monitoring of grassland production in Hebei. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 19(1), 211-218. DOI
	徐敏云, 李运起, 谢帆, 王堃, 于海浪, 景福军, 李连树, 李佳祥, 李雪枫 ( 2010). 河北省草地产量动态监测. 草业学报, 19(1), 211-218. DOI
[31]	Xu MY, Li YQ, Wang K, Cao YF, Yu HL, Li XF, Li LS, Jing FJ, Li JX, Xie F ( 2009). Spatial distribution and dynamic characteristics of the grassland vegetation in Hebei. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 18(6), 1-11. DOI
	徐敏云, 李运起, 王堃, 曹玉凤, 于海浪, 李雪枫, 李连树, 景福军, 李佳祥, 谢帆 ( 2009). 河北省草地资源分布及植被特征动态. 草业学报, 18(6), 1-11. DOI
[32]	Yan YC, Tang HP ( 2008). Differentiation of related concepts of grassland degradation. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 17(1), 93-99. DOI URL
	闫玉春, 唐海萍 ( 2008). 草地退化相关概念辨析. 草业学报, 17(1), 93-99. DOI URL
[33]	Yang YH, Fang JY, Ma WH, Guo DL, Mohammat A ( 2010). Large-scale pattern of biomass partitioning across China’s grasslands. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 268-277. DOI URL
[34]	Zhang PD, Jie XB ( 2007). Current situation of grassland degradation and its mechanism in the upstream of Yellow River in Gansu. Pratacultural Science, 24(9), 1-4. DOI URL
	张培栋, 介小兵 ( 2007). 黄河上游甘肃段草地退化的现状及机理研究. 草业科学, 24(9), 1-4. DOI URL
[35]	Zhao X, Zhang Q ( 1997). Fragile Ecological Environment and Regulation of Bashang, Hebei. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing.
	赵雪, 张强 ( 1997). 河北坝上脆弱生态环境与整治. 中国环境科学出版社, 北京.