实验增温对藏北高寒草甸植物繁殖物候的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0068

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球气候变暖对高寒和极地地区的植物物候产生强烈的影响。该研究主要关注增温条件下藏北高寒草甸不同功能型植物繁殖时间(生殖物候)的改变。实验采用开顶箱式增温方法, 对3个主要功能群浅根-早花、浅根-中花和深根-晚花植物的现蕾、开花、结实时间进行观测。研究结果表明: (1)增温导致了土壤水分胁迫, 显著推迟了浅根-早花植物高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)的繁殖时间; (2)增温显著提前了浅根-中花植物钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)和深根晚花植物紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)和矮羊茅(Festuca coelestis)的繁殖时间; (3)增温没有显著影响浅根-中花植物楔叶委陵菜(Potentilla cuneata)和深根-晚花植物无茎黄鹌菜(Youngia simulatrix)的繁殖时间; (4)增温缩短了3种类型植物的开花持续时间。这些结果显示增温改变了藏北高寒草甸群落中多数物种的繁殖时间, 这预示着在未来更热更干的生长季, 青藏高原高寒草甸系统的植物物候格局可能会被重塑。

关键词: 高寒草甸, 实验增温, 物候偏移, 繁殖物候, 青藏高原

Abstract:

Aims Climate warming strongly influences reproductive phenology of plants in alpine and arctic ecosystems. Here we focus on phenological shifts caused by warming in a typical alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Our objective was to explore phenological responses of alpine plant species to experimental warming. Methods Passive warming was achieved using open-top chambers (OTCs). The treatments included control (C), and four levels of warming (T1, T2, T3, T4). We selected Kobresia pygmaea, Potentilla saundersiana, Potentilla cuneata, Stipa purpurea, Festuca coelestis and Youngia simulatrix as the focal species. Plant phenology was scored every 3-5 days in the growing season. The reproductive phenology phases of each species were estimated through fitting the phenological scores to the Richards function. Important findings Under soil water stress caused by warming, most plants in the alpine meadow advanced or delayed their reproductive events. As a result, warming significantly delayed phenological development of K. pygmaea. Warming significantly advanced reproductive phenology of P. saundersiana, S. purpurea and F. coelestis, but not of P. cuneata and Y. simulatrix. In addition, warming significantly shortened the average flowering duration of alpine plant species. The potentially warmer and drier growing seasons under climate change may shift the reproductive phenology of the alpine systems in similar pattern.

Key words: alpine meadow, experimental warming, phenological shifts, reproductive phenology, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

朱军涛. 实验增温对藏北高寒草甸植物繁殖物候的影响. 植物生态学报, 2016, 40(10): 1028-1036. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0068

Jun-Tao ZHU. Effects of experimental warming on plant reproductive phenology in Xizang alpine meadow. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 40(10): 1028-1036. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0068

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0068

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2016/V40/I10/1028

图/表 5

表1 不同增温处理下土壤C、N、P 含量及C:N的差异(平均值±标准误差)

Table 1 Soil C, N, P contents and C:N for each treatments (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatment	氮含量 N content (%)	碳含量 C content (%)	磷含量 P content (mg∙g^-1)	C:N
增温T4 Warming T4	0.22 ± 0.04	2.42 ± 0.52	0.75 ± 0.04	11.00 ± 0.32
增温T3 Warming T3	0.24 ± 0.06	2.31 ± 0.65	0.73 ± 0.05	9.63 ± 0.55
增温T2 Warming T2	0.21 ± 0.05	2.35 ± 0.74	0.74 ± 0.04	11.19 ± 0.74
增温T1 Warming T1	0.25 ± 0.07	2.40 ± 0.55	0.72 ± 0.03	9.60 ± 0.65
对照 Control	0.25 ± 0.06	2.53 ± 0.61	0.75 ± 0.04	10.12 ± 0.44

图1 植物生长季不同增温处理下平均气温(°C, A)、5 cm土壤温度(°C, B)、土壤湿度(%, C)及降水量(mm, D)。

Fig. 1 Mean air temperature (°C, A), soil temperature at 5 cm depth (°C, B), soil moisture (%, C) at 5 cm depth and precipitation (mm, D) during the growing seasons under different warming treatments.

表2 增温处理和植物种类对现蕾、开花和结果时间及开花持续时间的影响

Table 2 Results (F value) of two-way ANOVA on the effects of warming, plant species and their interactions on budding time, flowering time, fruiting time and flowering duration

处理 Treatment	现蕾时间 Budding time			开花时间 Flowering time			结果时间 Fruiting time			开花持续 Flowering duration
	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	p	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	p	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	p	自由度 Degree of freedom	F	p
增温 Warming	4	2.92	0.03		1.84	0.13	3	1.13	0.35		39.46	0.00
物种 Species	5	1 153.39	0.00		2 567.89	0.00	5	2 268.60	0.00		589.42	0.00
增温×物种 Warming × species	20	31.54	0.00		24.97	0.00	15	12.74	0.00		2.30	0.00

图2 增温处理对各物种的现蕾(A)、开花(B)和结果(C)时间的影响(平均值±标准误差)。图中正值代表与对照相比推后的天数, 负值代表与对照相比提前的天数; *代表增温处理与对照相比差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Changes in the onset of budding, flowering and fruiting (in days) in four experimental treatments [i.e., T1, T2, T3, T4] compared with the control in 2014 (A, B, C) (mean ± SE). A positive value indicates later budding, flowering or fruiting than the control; a negative value indicates earlier budding, flowering or fruiting than the control. Data are mean ± SE for advanced or delayed phenology, respectively. “*” indicates significant difference between treatment and the control.

表3 增温处理对各物种开花持续时间影响的F检验

Table 3 Results of Fisher test showing the differences of the flowering duration for each species among treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4)

物种 Species	增温T1 Warming T1	增温T2 Warming T2	增温T3 Warming T3	增温T4 Warming T4
高山嵩草 Kobresia pygmaea	0	0	1	1
钉柱委陵菜 Potentilla saundersiana	0	0	1	1
楔叶委陵菜 Potentilla cuneata	0	1	1	1
紫花针茅 Stipa purpurea	1	1	1	1
矮羊茅 Festuca coelestis	0	0	0	1
无茎黄鹌菜 Youngia simulatrix	0	1	1	1

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