放牧家畜类型对内蒙古典型草原植物多样性和群落结构的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

放牧家畜是调控草原植物多样性的重要因素, 探究不同家畜类型及其放牧行为下植物多样性的响应, 有助于全面理解草原植物多样性维持机制。该研究以内蒙古大学野外实验基地放牧控制实验为平台, 研究了中等放牧强度下不同家畜类型(牛、山羊、绵羊)及其选择性采食和聚集性放牧行为对植物α、β和γ多样性以及群落结构的影响。结果表明: (1)中等强度放牧牛、山羊和绵羊均在一定程度上提高了植物α、β和γ多样性。其中, 牛对植物多样性的提升作用最大且具有显著性。(2) 3种家畜放牧均显著改变了植物群落结构。绵羊的选择性采食导致下层优势物种糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)的相对多度显著降低, 使其与牛或山羊放牧导致的群落结构变化趋势相反。(3) 3种家畜具有不同的牧草选择和放牧聚集行为。牛和山羊放牧使上层优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)和大针茅(Stipa grandis)以及下层优势种糙隐子草地上生物量均显著降低, 而绵羊放牧仅使糙隐子草地上生物量显著降低。此外, 牛的采食空间聚集性显著低于山羊和绵羊。(4)植物多样性随上层或下层优势种地上生物量增加而显著降低或呈下降趋势, 表明放牧家畜能够通过抑制优势种生物量来提高植物多样性。(5)植物多样性随家畜采食空间聚集程度增加而显著降低或表现出下降趋势, 说明较低的放牧聚集性有利于植物多样性的维持。该研究表明, 内蒙古典型草原植物多样性保护和持续管理体系需要同时考虑放牧强度和家畜类型的影响。

关键词: 植物多样性, 物种组成, 选择性采食, 空间聚集性, 家畜轨迹定位

Abstract:

Aims Livestock grazing is one of the most important factors affecting grassland plant diversity. However, the information on the effects of different livestock types and their grazing behaviors on grassland plant diversity and community composition are less available. A better understanding of the changes in plant diversity and community composition in response to the grazing of various livestock types is essential to the management and preservation of grassland biodiversity.

Methods We conducted a grazing experiment in a typical steppe of Nei Mongol to examine the effects of different livestock species (cattle, goat, sheep) and their behaviors (forage selection and grazing aggregation) on plant diversity (i.e., α, β and γ diversity) and community composition.

Important findings Our results showed that: (1) cattle, goat, and sheep grazing all increased plant α, β, and γ diversity at moderate grazing intensity, and the increase was the largest and significant under cattle grazing. (2) Three livestock species all changed community structure; sheep grazing reduced the relative abundance of dominant short grass Cleistogenes squarrosa, which is in contrary to the changes in community structure induced by cattle and goat grazing. (3) Cattle and goat grazing significantly reduced the aboveground biomass of dominant species, including tall grasses Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis and short grass C. squarrosa, while sheep grazing only decreased that of short grass C. squarrosa. Cattle grazing also had a lower spatial aggregation than that of goat and sheep. (4) Plant diversity decreased with the increase of the aboveground biomass of either tall or short dominant species, indicating that livestock grazing promoted plant species diversity by reducing plant aboveground biomass of dominant species. (5) Plant diversity decreased with the increase in spatial aggregation of livestock grazing, indicating a lower aggregation benefiting plant diversity maintenance. Overall, our study suggests that grazing animal types should be considered along with grazing intensity in the development of grazing management regime for better conservation and sustainable use of the grassland resources.

Key words: plant diversity, species composition, selective foraging, spatial aggregation, livestock tracking

王姝文, 李文怀, 李艳龙, 严慧, 李永宏. 放牧家畜类型对内蒙古典型草原植物多样性和群落结构的影响. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(8): 941-950. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0017

WANG Shu-Wen, LI Wen-Huai, LI Yan-Long, YAN Hui, LI Yong-Hong. Effects of different livestock types on plant diversity and community structure of a typical steppe in Nei Mongol, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(8): 941-950. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0017

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0017

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2022/V46/I8/941

图/表 7

表1 根据速度阈值对内蒙古典型草原不同放牧家畜行为的划分

Table 1 Different livestock behaviors distinguished using their moving speed as thresholds in a typical steppe in Nei Mongol

家畜类型 Livestock type	休息 Resting (m·s^-1)	采食 Feeding (m·s^-1)	游走 Wandering (m·s^-1)
牛 Cattle	0-0.05	0.05-0.26	>0.26
山羊 Goat	0-0.03	0.03-0.16	>0.16
绵羊 Sheep	0-0.05	0.05-0.20	>0.20

图1 不同家畜中等强度放牧下内蒙古典型草原植物多样性(平均值±标准误)。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01。

Fig. 1 Plant species diversity under moderate grazing of different livestock species in a typical steppe in Nei Mongol (mean ± SE). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.

图2 不同家畜放牧下内蒙古典型草原植物群落组成非度量多维尺(NMDS)度排序, 椭圆置信区间为95%。图中所列植物相对多度与其在横轴和纵轴的数值显著相关(p < 0.05), 括号内的数字表示相关系数。

Fig. 2 Ordination of plant communities in a typical steppe in Nei Mongol under different livestock grazing treatments by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), with an elliptical confidence interval of 95%. The relative abundance of different species is significantly related to the axis 1 and axis 2 scores (p < 0.05). The numbers in parentheses indicate the correlation coefficients.

表2 不同放牧家畜对内蒙古典型草原4个优势种的选择性采食指数

Table 2 Selective index of different livestock types to four dominant plant species in a typical steppe in Nei Mongol

家畜类型 Livestock type	上层优势种 Tall dominant species	下层优势种 Short dominant species	羊草 Leymus chinensis	大针茅 Stipa grandis	糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa	黄囊薹草 Carex korshinskyi
牛 Cattle	1.148	0.713	1.113	1.253	0.918	1.673
山羊 Goat	1.224	0.652	0.881	1.592	0.950	2.585
绵羊 Sheep	0.277	3.029	1.072	0.576	3.583	3.309

图3 不同家畜中等放牧强度下植物地上生物量(平均值±标准误)。A,上层优势种。B, 羊草。C, 大针茅。D, 下层优势种。E, 糙隐子草。F, 黄囊薹草。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001。

Fig. 3 Plant aboveground biomass under the grazing of different livestock types at moderate intensity (mean ± SE). A, Tall dominant species. B, Leymus chinensis. C, Stipa grandis. D, Short dominant species. E, Cleistogenes squarrosa. F, Carex korshinskyi. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.

图4 不同家畜中等放牧强度下内蒙古典型草原上层和下层优势种地上生物量与植物多样性关系。

Fig. 4 Relationship between the aboveground biomass of tall and short dominant species in typical steppe in Nei Mongol and plant diversity under the grazing of different livestock types at moderate intensity.

图5 家畜采食聚集性(平均值±标准误)及其与植物多样性关系。**, p < 0.01。

Fig. 5 Aggregation degrees of the feeding behavior of different livestock species (mean ± SE) and their relationships with plant diversity. **, p < 0.01.

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