Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2010, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 195-203.DOI: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2010.02.011
• Special feature: The destruction to forest ecosystems by the extremely heavy glaze and snow storms occurred in early 2008 in southern China • Previous Articles Next Articles
HE Qian1, LI Ji-Yue1,*(), CHEN Xiao-Yang1, CHEN Hong-Yue1, PENG Hua-Gui2, FAN Shun-Jiang1
Received:
2009-04-14
Accepted:
2009-06-12
Online:
2010-04-14
Published:
2010-02-01
Contact:
LI Ji-Yue
HE Qian, LI Ji-Yue, CHEN Xiao-Yang, CHEN Hong-Yue, PENG Hua-Gui, FAN Shun-Jiang. Types and extent of damage to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations due to unusually heavy snow and ice in southern China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34(2): 195-203.
样地号 Plot No. | 海拔 Alt. (m) | 坡向 Asp. | 坡位 SP | 坡度 Grad (°) | 经度 Long.(E) | 纬度 Lat.(N) | 林分密度 SD (株·hm-2) | 胸径 DBH (cm) | 树高 TH (m) | 枝下高 FB (m) | 冠幅 CS (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 575 | 南坡 Southern slope | 上坡 Uphill | 8 | 113°1′22′′ | 24°41′15′′ | 3 517 | 8.1 | 5.4 | 3.0 | 2.0 |
2 | 563 | 北偏西20° North-west 20° | 上坡 Uphill | 32 | 113°4′15′′ | 24°44′29′′ | 3 700 | 10.6 | 6.4 | 4.7 | 2.4 |
3 | 573 | 西偏南10° West-south 10° | 山脊 Ridge | - | 113°14′19′′ | 24°44′28′′ | 2 633 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 3.5 | 2.4 |
4 | 472 | 西坡 Western slope | 下坡 Downhill | 32 | 113°4′9′′ | 24°44′44′′ | 2 533 | 9.0 | 7.1 | 4.3 | 2.5 |
5 | 668 | 北偏西55° North-west 20° | 上坡 Uphill | 23 | 113°9′50′′ | 24°44′49′′ | 1 467 | 11.4 | 8.5 | 4.3 | 2.3 |
6 | 700 | 东偏南13° Eest-south 13° | 下坡 Downhill | 36 | 113°4′27′′ | 24°44′52′′ | 1 717 | 11.1 | 6.6 | 3.9 | 2.3 |
7 | 715 | 南偏西20° South-west 20° | 中坡 Middlehill | 6 | 113°4′56′′ | 24°44′59′′ | 3 533 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 |
8 | 900 | 西偏南10° West-south 10° | 下坡 Downhill | 21 | 112°56′56′′ | 24°41′49′′ | 3 311 | 12.3 | 9.9 | 6.7 | 2.3 |
9 | 936 | 南坡 Southern slope | 下坡 Downhill | 27 | 113°4′55′′ | 24°41′25′′ | 1 883 | 13.2 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 1.9 |
10 | 840 | 南坡 Southern slope | 下坡 Downhill | 5 | 113°1′18′′ | 24°41′5′′ | 4 867 | 11.3 | 9.1 | 5.8 | 2.4 |
11 | 688 | 南坡 Southern slope | 中坡 Middlehill | 21 | 113°1′58′′ | 24°41′35′′ | 2 367 | 11.5 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 2.4 |
12 | 511 | 东坡 Eastern slope | 下坡 Downhill | 37 | 113°4′7′′ | 24°44′52′′ | 1 917 | 11.0 | 6.2 | 3.7 | 2.2 |
13 | 531 | 南偏西35° South-west 35° | 中坡 Middlehill | 36 | 113°4′12′′ | 24°44'′59′′ | 2 917 | 12.0 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 1.8 |
Table 1 The site and stand characteristics of the surveyed plots
样地号 Plot No. | 海拔 Alt. (m) | 坡向 Asp. | 坡位 SP | 坡度 Grad (°) | 经度 Long.(E) | 纬度 Lat.(N) | 林分密度 SD (株·hm-2) | 胸径 DBH (cm) | 树高 TH (m) | 枝下高 FB (m) | 冠幅 CS (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 575 | 南坡 Southern slope | 上坡 Uphill | 8 | 113°1′22′′ | 24°41′15′′ | 3 517 | 8.1 | 5.4 | 3.0 | 2.0 |
2 | 563 | 北偏西20° North-west 20° | 上坡 Uphill | 32 | 113°4′15′′ | 24°44′29′′ | 3 700 | 10.6 | 6.4 | 4.7 | 2.4 |
3 | 573 | 西偏南10° West-south 10° | 山脊 Ridge | - | 113°14′19′′ | 24°44′28′′ | 2 633 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 3.5 | 2.4 |
4 | 472 | 西坡 Western slope | 下坡 Downhill | 32 | 113°4′9′′ | 24°44′44′′ | 2 533 | 9.0 | 7.1 | 4.3 | 2.5 |
5 | 668 | 北偏西55° North-west 20° | 上坡 Uphill | 23 | 113°9′50′′ | 24°44′49′′ | 1 467 | 11.4 | 8.5 | 4.3 | 2.3 |
6 | 700 | 东偏南13° Eest-south 13° | 下坡 Downhill | 36 | 113°4′27′′ | 24°44′52′′ | 1 717 | 11.1 | 6.6 | 3.9 | 2.3 |
7 | 715 | 南偏西20° South-west 20° | 中坡 Middlehill | 6 | 113°4′56′′ | 24°44′59′′ | 3 533 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 |
8 | 900 | 西偏南10° West-south 10° | 下坡 Downhill | 21 | 112°56′56′′ | 24°41′49′′ | 3 311 | 12.3 | 9.9 | 6.7 | 2.3 |
9 | 936 | 南坡 Southern slope | 下坡 Downhill | 27 | 113°4′55′′ | 24°41′25′′ | 1 883 | 13.2 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 1.9 |
10 | 840 | 南坡 Southern slope | 下坡 Downhill | 5 | 113°1′18′′ | 24°41′5′′ | 4 867 | 11.3 | 9.1 | 5.8 | 2.4 |
11 | 688 | 南坡 Southern slope | 中坡 Middlehill | 21 | 113°1′58′′ | 24°41′35′′ | 2 367 | 11.5 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 2.4 |
12 | 511 | 东坡 Eastern slope | 下坡 Downhill | 37 | 113°4′7′′ | 24°44′52′′ | 1 917 | 11.0 | 6.2 | 3.7 | 2.2 |
13 | 531 | 南偏西35° South-west 35° | 中坡 Middlehill | 36 | 113°4′12′′ | 24°44'′59′′ | 2 917 | 12.0 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 1.8 |
样地类型 Plot type | 样地号 Plot No. | 未损 Undamage | 受损类型 Damage type | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
弯曲 Bending | 倒伏 Lodging | 折断 Broken | 总计 Total | |||
未受损 Undamaged | 4 | 148 / 97.37 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 4 / 2.63 | 4 / 2.63 |
8 | 149 / 100.00 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | |
9 | 113 / 100.00 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | |
轻微受损 Slightly damaged | 10 | 182 / 81.98 | 4 / 1.8 | 0 / 0 | 33 / 14.86 | 37 / 16.67 |
受损 Damaged | 1 | 4 / 1.89 | 17 / 8.02 | 79 / 37.26 | 111 / 52.36 | 207 / 97.64 |
2 | 14 / 6.28 | 3 / 1.35 | 22 / 9.87 | 183 / 82.06 | 208 / 93.27 | |
3 | 5 / 3.14 | 7 / 4.4 | 22 / 13.84 | 124 / 77.99 | 153 / 96.23 | |
5 | 16 / 18.18 | 1 / 1.14 | 2 / 2.27 | 69 / 78.41 | 72 / 81.82 | |
6 | 0 / 0.00 | 9 / 8.74 | 27 / 26.21 | 67 / 65.05 | 103 / 100 | |
7 | 15 / 9.43 | 5 / 3.14 | 38 / 23.9 | 101 / 63.52 | 144 / 90.57 | |
11 | 6 / 4.23 | 2 / 1.41 | 17 / 11.97 | 117 / 82.39 | 136 / 95.77 | |
12 | 6 / 5.22 | 1 / 0.87 | 31 / 26.96 | 77 / 66.96 | 109 / 94.78 | |
13 | 1 / 0.57 | 2 / 1.14 | 55 / 31.43 | 117 / 66.86 | 174 / 99.43 | |
总数/平均值 Total/average | 67 / 4.88 | 47 / 3.42 | 293 / 21.34 | 966 / 70.36 | 1 306 / 95.12 |
Table 2 Damage types of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations (number/percentage)
样地类型 Plot type | 样地号 Plot No. | 未损 Undamage | 受损类型 Damage type | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
弯曲 Bending | 倒伏 Lodging | 折断 Broken | 总计 Total | |||
未受损 Undamaged | 4 | 148 / 97.37 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 4 / 2.63 | 4 / 2.63 |
8 | 149 / 100.00 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | |
9 | 113 / 100.00 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 | |
轻微受损 Slightly damaged | 10 | 182 / 81.98 | 4 / 1.8 | 0 / 0 | 33 / 14.86 | 37 / 16.67 |
受损 Damaged | 1 | 4 / 1.89 | 17 / 8.02 | 79 / 37.26 | 111 / 52.36 | 207 / 97.64 |
2 | 14 / 6.28 | 3 / 1.35 | 22 / 9.87 | 183 / 82.06 | 208 / 93.27 | |
3 | 5 / 3.14 | 7 / 4.4 | 22 / 13.84 | 124 / 77.99 | 153 / 96.23 | |
5 | 16 / 18.18 | 1 / 1.14 | 2 / 2.27 | 69 / 78.41 | 72 / 81.82 | |
6 | 0 / 0.00 | 9 / 8.74 | 27 / 26.21 | 67 / 65.05 | 103 / 100 | |
7 | 15 / 9.43 | 5 / 3.14 | 38 / 23.9 | 101 / 63.52 | 144 / 90.57 | |
11 | 6 / 4.23 | 2 / 1.41 | 17 / 11.97 | 117 / 82.39 | 136 / 95.77 | |
12 | 6 / 5.22 | 1 / 0.87 | 31 / 26.96 | 77 / 66.96 | 109 / 94.78 | |
13 | 1 / 0.57 | 2 / 1.14 | 55 / 31.43 | 117 / 66.86 | 174 / 99.43 | |
总数/平均值 Total/average | 67 / 4.88 | 47 / 3.42 | 293 / 21.34 | 966 / 70.36 | 1 306 / 95.12 |
样地号 Plot No. | 折断等级(株数/百分比(%)) Grades of broken trees (number/percentage) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I 轻微受损 Slightly damaged | II 轻度受损 Mild damaged | III 中度受损 Moderate damaged | IV 严重受损 Severe damaged | V 极严重受损 Very serious damaged | |
1 | 12 / 10.81 | 35 / 31.53 | 26 / 23.42 | 34 / 30.63 | 4 / 3.60 |
2 | 56 / 30.60 | 75 / 40.98 | 37 / 20.22 | 13 / 7.10 | 2 / 1.09 |
3 | 12 / 9.68 | 50 / 40.32 | 30 / 24.19 | 28 / 22.58 | 4 / 3.23 |
5 | 6 / 8.70 | 32 / 46.38 | 23 / 33.33 | 6 / 8.70 | 2 / 2.90 |
6 | 4 / 6.06 | 26 / 39.39 | 20 / 30.30 | 14 / 20.9 | 2 / 2.99 |
7 | 0 / 0.00 | 21 / 20.79 | 52 / 51.49 | 28 / 27.72 | 0 / 0.00 |
11 | 34 / 29.06 | 41 / 35.04 | 26 / 22.22 | 11 / 9.40 | 5 / 4.27 |
12 | 10 / 12.99 | 35 / 45.45 | 28 / 36.36 | 4 / 5.19 | 0 / 0.00 |
13 | 3 / 2.59 | 54 / 46.55 | 45 / 38.79 | 13 / 11.11 | 1 / 0.85 |
平均值 Mean | 12.28 | 38.49 | 31.15 | 15.97 | 2.11 |
Table 3 Grades of broken trees in the Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations
样地号 Plot No. | 折断等级(株数/百分比(%)) Grades of broken trees (number/percentage) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I 轻微受损 Slightly damaged | II 轻度受损 Mild damaged | III 中度受损 Moderate damaged | IV 严重受损 Severe damaged | V 极严重受损 Very serious damaged | |
1 | 12 / 10.81 | 35 / 31.53 | 26 / 23.42 | 34 / 30.63 | 4 / 3.60 |
2 | 56 / 30.60 | 75 / 40.98 | 37 / 20.22 | 13 / 7.10 | 2 / 1.09 |
3 | 12 / 9.68 | 50 / 40.32 | 30 / 24.19 | 28 / 22.58 | 4 / 3.23 |
5 | 6 / 8.70 | 32 / 46.38 | 23 / 33.33 | 6 / 8.70 | 2 / 2.90 |
6 | 4 / 6.06 | 26 / 39.39 | 20 / 30.30 | 14 / 20.9 | 2 / 2.99 |
7 | 0 / 0.00 | 21 / 20.79 | 52 / 51.49 | 28 / 27.72 | 0 / 0.00 |
11 | 34 / 29.06 | 41 / 35.04 | 26 / 22.22 | 11 / 9.40 | 5 / 4.27 |
12 | 10 / 12.99 | 35 / 45.45 | 28 / 36.36 | 4 / 5.19 | 0 / 0.00 |
13 | 3 / 2.59 | 54 / 46.55 | 45 / 38.79 | 13 / 11.11 | 1 / 0.85 |
平均值 Mean | 12.28 | 38.49 | 31.15 | 15.97 | 2.11 |
海拔 Alt. | 密度 SD | 胸径 DBH | 树高 TH | 弯曲 Bending | 倒伏 Loding | 折断 Broken | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
海拔 Alt. | 1.00 | -0.21 | -0.28 | -0.05 | 0.26 | -0.30 | 0.10 | -0.18 | 0.05 | 0.58* | -0.38* | -0.45* |
密度 SD | 1.00 | -0.61 | -0.70* | 0.06 | 0.31 | -0.24 | -0.02 | 0.55* | -0.37* | -0.12 | 0.31 | |
胸径 DBH | 1.00 | 0.82 | -0.35 | -0.31 | 0.51* | 0.56* | 0.45* | -0.27 | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||
树高 TH | 1.00 | -0.24 | -0.55* | 0.51* | 0.09 | -0.74* | 0.23 | 0.33 | -0.14 | |||
弯曲 Bending | 1.00 | 0.49 | -0.61 | -0.24 | 0.50 | 0.22 | -0.35 | -0.23 | ||||
倒伏 Loding | 1.00 | -0.90 | 0.19 | 0.45 | -0.39 | -0.20 | 0.00 | |||||
折断 Broken | 1.00 | 0.18 | -0.29 | -0.01 | 0.02 | 0.23 | ||||||
I | 1.00 | 0.14 | -0.74 | -0.51 | 0.29 | |||||||
II | 1.00 | -0.30 | -0.72 | 0.01 | ||||||||
III | 1.00 | 0.16 | -0.69 | |||||||||
IV | 1.00 | 0.22 | ||||||||||
V | 1.00 |
Table 4 Correlation coefficient (r) between damage types, grades for damaged trees and factors of site and stand structure
海拔 Alt. | 密度 SD | 胸径 DBH | 树高 TH | 弯曲 Bending | 倒伏 Loding | 折断 Broken | Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
海拔 Alt. | 1.00 | -0.21 | -0.28 | -0.05 | 0.26 | -0.30 | 0.10 | -0.18 | 0.05 | 0.58* | -0.38* | -0.45* |
密度 SD | 1.00 | -0.61 | -0.70* | 0.06 | 0.31 | -0.24 | -0.02 | 0.55* | -0.37* | -0.12 | 0.31 | |
胸径 DBH | 1.00 | 0.82 | -0.35 | -0.31 | 0.51* | 0.56* | 0.45* | -0.27 | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||
树高 TH | 1.00 | -0.24 | -0.55* | 0.51* | 0.09 | -0.74* | 0.23 | 0.33 | -0.14 | |||
弯曲 Bending | 1.00 | 0.49 | -0.61 | -0.24 | 0.50 | 0.22 | -0.35 | -0.23 | ||||
倒伏 Loding | 1.00 | -0.90 | 0.19 | 0.45 | -0.39 | -0.20 | 0.00 | |||||
折断 Broken | 1.00 | 0.18 | -0.29 | -0.01 | 0.02 | 0.23 | ||||||
I | 1.00 | 0.14 | -0.74 | -0.51 | 0.29 | |||||||
II | 1.00 | -0.30 | -0.72 | 0.01 | ||||||||
III | 1.00 | 0.16 | -0.69 | |||||||||
IV | 1.00 | 0.22 | ||||||||||
V | 1.00 |
Fig. 2 Diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of different types of damage and level of broken of Cunninghamia lanceolata trees. D1, 2 cm≤DBH<4 cm; D2, 4 cm≤DBH<6 cm; D3, 6 cm≤DBH<8 cm; … ; D12, 24 cm≤DBH<26 cm. I-V see Table 4.
Fig. 3 Trunk taper distribution of different types of damage and level of broken of Cunninghamia lanceolata trees. B1, 0.6-0.8 cm·m-1; B2, 0.6-0.8 cm·m-1; B3, 0.8-1.0 cm·m-1; …; B12, 2.6-2.8 cm·m-1. I-V see Table 4.
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