Geographical distribution and conservation status recommendations of threatened Epimedium species in China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0462

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims This study aims to understand the geographical distribution of threatened species of genus Epimedium in China, and to provide the basis for resource conservation and utilization.
Methods The data of Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH), China National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII), the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (P) and Universitat Wien (WU) were used. The specimens of Herbarium of Institute of Medicinal Botany, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (IMD), which is not included in the sharing platform but abundant in Epimedium specimens, were also examined. At the same time, combined with our field investigations and literature review, the specimen information of 25 species and 1 variety of Epimedium in China were systematically collected to verify the specimen identification and geographical distribution, and to update the endangered status and criteria.
Important findings A total of 1 017 specimens of 428 numbers were examined, and only 666 specimens of 274 numbers (64.02%) were correctly identified. Nineteen taxa (73.08%) had found new distribution compared with the recorded of Flora of China. However, 6 species were currently known to be distributed only in the type locality. The three provinces with the highest abundance of threatened species were Sichuan (12 species), Hubei (7 species) and Guizhou (6 species and 1 variety). The endangered status or criteria of 22 taxa were suggested to be adjusted. Epimedium enshiense, E. reticulatum, E. fangii and E. parvifolium were suggested to be upgraded to Critically Endangered (CR). E. flavum, E. glandulosopilosum, E. mikinorii, E. sagittatum var. glabratum, E. truncatum and E. zhushanense were suggested to be upgraded to Endangered (EN). Epimedium simplicifolium and E. fargesii were suggested to be downgraded from Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN) to Vulnerable (VU), respectively. For another 10 species, the endangered status remained unchanged and only the criteria were adjusted. The main reasons for the endangerment of Epimedium were narrow distribution, habitat decline and population decrease. Errors in the identification of specimens of threatened species of Epimedium were prominent. Most species of this genus were distributed in narrow areas and were highly threatened. Therefore, the protection of species diversity should be paid more attention. The evaluation of endangered status and criteria is a dynamic process that requires long-term monitoring and constant updating.

Key words: Epimedium, threatened species, herbarium specimens, geographical distribution, endangered status, criteria, species conservation

XU Yan-Qin, ZENG Wen-Min, LI Meng-Xue, LI Feng-Qin, HU Sheng-Fu, GONG Mei-Yin, GAO Jing, SHAN Zhang-Jian, TANG Qin. Geographical distribution and conservation status recommendations of threatened Epimedium species in China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(10): 1656-1676.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0462

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References 102

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类群 Taxa	IUCN等级及评估标准¹⁾ IUCN status and criteria¹⁾	地理分布²⁾Geographical distribution²⁾
单叶淫羊藿^syE. simplicifolium	CR, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v); D	贵州 Guizhou
宽萼淫羊藿 E. latisepalum	CR, D	四川宝兴 Baoxing, Sichuan
芦山淫羊藿 E. ogisui	CR, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v); C1	四川芦山 Lushan, Sichuan
水城淫羊藿 E. shuichengense	EN, C1	贵州六盘水 Liupanshui, Guizhou
钟花淫羊藿 E. campanulatum	EN, A2cd; B1ab (iv, v)	四川都江堰 Dujiangyan, Sichuan
无距淫羊藿 E. ecalcaratum	EN, C1+2a (ii)	四川 Sichuan
恩施淫羊藿 E. enshiense	EN, A3c	湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei
方氏淫羊藿 E. fangii	EN, C1	四川峨眉山 Mount Emei, Sichuan
川鄂淫羊藿 E. fargesii	EN, A3c	四川, 湖北 Sichuan, Hubei
镇坪淫羊藿 E. ilicifolium	EN, C1	陕西镇坪 Zhenping, Shaanxi
小叶淫羊藿 E. parvifolium	EN, D	贵州松桃 Songtao, Guizhou
少花淫羊藿 E. pauciflorum	EN, C1	四川 Sichuan
青城山淫羊藿 E. qingchengshanense	EN, C1	四川都江堰青城山 Mount Qingcheng, Dujiangyan, Sichuan
革叶淫羊藿 E. reticulatum	EN, A3c	四川 Sichuan
黔北淫羊藿^syE. borealiguizhouense	VU, A2c; B1ab(iii)	贵州沿河 Yanhe, Guizhou
绿药淫羊藿^syE. chlorandrum	VU, A2c+3c+4c; B1ab(iv)	四川宝兴 Baoxing, Sichuan
德务淫羊藿^syE. dewuense	VU, A3c	贵州德江 Dejiang, Guizhou
长蕊淫羊藿^syE. dolichostemon	VU, A3c	重庆石柱 Shizhu, Chongqing
天全淫羊藿 E. flavum	VU, A3c	四川天全 Tianquan, Sichuan
腺毛淫羊藿 E. glandulosopilosum	VU, C1	四川 Sichuan
湖南淫羊藿 E. hunanense	VU, B1ab (iii)	广西, 湖北, 湖南 Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan
直距淫羊藿 E. mikinorii	VU, C1+2a (ii)	湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei
强茎淫羊藿^syE. rhizomatosum	VU, A3c	四川 Sichuan
光叶淫羊藿 E. sagittatum var. glabratum	VU, A3c	贵州, 湖北 Guizhou, Hubei
偏斜淫羊藿 E. truncatum	VU, C1	湖南, 保靖 Baojing, Hunan
竹山淫羊藿 E. zhushanense	VU, C1	湖北 Hubei
多花淫羊藿 E. multiflorum	VU, A3c	贵州 Guizhou
淫羊藿 E. brevicornu	VU, B1ab(iii)	甘肃, 河南, 青海, 陕西, 山西, 四川, 湖北 Gansu, Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Hubei
巫山淫羊藿 E. wushanense	VU, A3C	湖北, 贵州, 四川, 广西, 重庆 Hubei, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Chongqing

类群 Taxa	IUCN等级及评估标准¹⁾ IUCN status and criteria¹⁾	地理分布²⁾Geographical distribution²⁾
单叶淫羊藿^syE. simplicifolium	CR, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v); D	贵州 Guizhou
宽萼淫羊藿 E. latisepalum	CR, D	四川宝兴 Baoxing, Sichuan
芦山淫羊藿 E. ogisui	CR, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v); C1	四川芦山 Lushan, Sichuan
水城淫羊藿 E. shuichengense	EN, C1	贵州六盘水 Liupanshui, Guizhou
钟花淫羊藿 E. campanulatum	EN, A2cd; B1ab (iv, v)	四川都江堰 Dujiangyan, Sichuan
无距淫羊藿 E. ecalcaratum	EN, C1+2a (ii)	四川 Sichuan
恩施淫羊藿 E. enshiense	EN, A3c	湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei
方氏淫羊藿 E. fangii	EN, C1	四川峨眉山 Mount Emei, Sichuan
川鄂淫羊藿 E. fargesii	EN, A3c	四川, 湖北 Sichuan, Hubei
镇坪淫羊藿 E. ilicifolium	EN, C1	陕西镇坪 Zhenping, Shaanxi
小叶淫羊藿 E. parvifolium	EN, D	贵州松桃 Songtao, Guizhou
少花淫羊藿 E. pauciflorum	EN, C1	四川 Sichuan
青城山淫羊藿 E. qingchengshanense	EN, C1	四川都江堰青城山 Mount Qingcheng, Dujiangyan, Sichuan
革叶淫羊藿 E. reticulatum	EN, A3c	四川 Sichuan
黔北淫羊藿^syE. borealiguizhouense	VU, A2c; B1ab(iii)	贵州沿河 Yanhe, Guizhou
绿药淫羊藿^syE. chlorandrum	VU, A2c+3c+4c; B1ab(iv)	四川宝兴 Baoxing, Sichuan
德务淫羊藿^syE. dewuense	VU, A3c	贵州德江 Dejiang, Guizhou
长蕊淫羊藿^syE. dolichostemon	VU, A3c	重庆石柱 Shizhu, Chongqing
天全淫羊藿 E. flavum	VU, A3c	四川天全 Tianquan, Sichuan
腺毛淫羊藿 E. glandulosopilosum	VU, C1	四川 Sichuan
湖南淫羊藿 E. hunanense	VU, B1ab (iii)	广西, 湖北, 湖南 Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan
直距淫羊藿 E. mikinorii	VU, C1+2a (ii)	湖北恩施 Enshi, Hubei
强茎淫羊藿^syE. rhizomatosum	VU, A3c	四川 Sichuan
光叶淫羊藿 E. sagittatum var. glabratum	VU, A3c	贵州, 湖北 Guizhou, Hubei
偏斜淫羊藿 E. truncatum	VU, C1	湖南, 保靖 Baojing, Hunan
竹山淫羊藿 E. zhushanense	VU, C1	湖北 Hubei
多花淫羊藿 E. multiflorum	VU, A3c	贵州 Guizhou
淫羊藿 E. brevicornu	VU, B1ab(iii)	甘肃, 河南, 青海, 陕西, 山西, 四川, 湖北 Gansu, Henan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Hubei
巫山淫羊藿 E. wushanense	VU, A3C	湖北, 贵州, 四川, 广西, 重庆 Hubei, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Chongqing

类群 Taxa	原濒危等级及评价标准 Original status and criteria	更新的濒危等级及评估标准 Updated status and criteria
恩施淫羊藿 E. enshiense	EN, A3c	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
方氏淫羊藿 E. fangii	EN, C1	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
小叶淫羊藿 E. parvifolium	EN, D	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
革叶淫羊藿 E. reticulatum	EN, A3c	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
天全淫羊藿 E. flavum	VU, A3c	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
腺毛淫羊藿 E. glandulosopilosum	VU, C1	EN, A3c; B1ab (iii, v)
直距淫羊藿 E. mikinorii	VU, C1+2a (ii)	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
光叶淫羊藿 E. sagittatum var. glabratum	VU, A3c	EN, A3c; B1ab (iii, v)
偏斜淫羊藿 E. truncatum	VU, C1	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
竹山淫羊藿 E. zhushanense	VU, C1	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
无距淫羊藿 E. ecalcaratum	EN, C1+2a (ii)	EN, B1ab (ii, iii, v)
镇坪淫羊藿 E. ilicifolium	EN, C1	EN, A3c; B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
少花淫羊藿 E. pauciflorum	EN, C1	EN, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
青城山淫羊藿 E. qingchengshanense	EN, C1	EN, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
川鄂淫羊藿 E. fargesii	EN, A3c	VU, A3c
单叶淫羊藿^sy E. simplicifolium	CR, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v); D	VU, A3c
绿药淫羊藿^sy E. chlorandrum	VU, A2c+3c+4c; B1ab (iv)	VU, A3c
强茎淫羊藿^sy E. rhizomatosum	VU, A3c	VU, A3c C1
德务淫羊藿^sy E. dewuense	VU, A3c	VU, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
长蕊淫羊藿^sy E. dolichostemon	VU, A3c	VU, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
黔北淫羊藿^sy E. borealiguizhouense	VU, A2c; B1ab (iii)	VU, A3c
湖南淫羊藿 E. hunanense	VU, B1ab (iii)	VU, A3c

类群 Taxa	原濒危等级及评价标准 Original status and criteria	更新的濒危等级及评估标准 Updated status and criteria
恩施淫羊藿 E. enshiense	EN, A3c	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
方氏淫羊藿 E. fangii	EN, C1	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
小叶淫羊藿 E. parvifolium	EN, D	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
革叶淫羊藿 E. reticulatum	EN, A3c	CR, B1ab (iii, v)
天全淫羊藿 E. flavum	VU, A3c	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
腺毛淫羊藿 E. glandulosopilosum	VU, C1	EN, A3c; B1ab (iii, v)
直距淫羊藿 E. mikinorii	VU, C1+2a (ii)	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
光叶淫羊藿 E. sagittatum var. glabratum	VU, A3c	EN, A3c; B1ab (iii, v)
偏斜淫羊藿 E. truncatum	VU, C1	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
竹山淫羊藿 E. zhushanense	VU, C1	EN, B1ab (iii, v)
无距淫羊藿 E. ecalcaratum	EN, C1+2a (ii)	EN, B1ab (ii, iii, v)
镇坪淫羊藿 E. ilicifolium	EN, C1	EN, A3c; B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
少花淫羊藿 E. pauciflorum	EN, C1	EN, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
青城山淫羊藿 E. qingchengshanense	EN, C1	EN, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
川鄂淫羊藿 E. fargesii	EN, A3c	VU, A3c
单叶淫羊藿^sy E. simplicifolium	CR, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v); D	VU, A3c
绿药淫羊藿^sy E. chlorandrum	VU, A2c+3c+4c; B1ab (iv)	VU, A3c
强茎淫羊藿^sy E. rhizomatosum	VU, A3c	VU, A3c C1
德务淫羊藿^sy E. dewuense	VU, A3c	VU, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
长蕊淫羊藿^sy E. dolichostemon	VU, A3c	VU, B1ab (i, ii, iii, v)
黔北淫羊藿^sy E. borealiguizhouense	VU, A2c; B1ab (iii)	VU, A3c
湖南淫羊藿 E. hunanense	VU, B1ab (iii)	VU, A3c