Reproductive biology of endangered and endemic species Nymphaea candida in Xinjiang, China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0405

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Nymphaea candida, an endangered species endemic to Xinjiang and classified as a National Class II Protected Wild Plant in China, faces a high risk of extinction, necessitating immediate conservation measures. This study aims to reveal its reproductive characteristics and explore factors associated with its endangered status from a reproductive biology perspective.
Methods This study systematically examined the flowering phenology, floral morphology, breeding system, pollination process, and seed germination characteristics of N. candida in natural populations.
Important findings The flowering period spanned from May to September, with individual flowers persisting for approximately 4 d, while stigmatic receptivity was limited to 1-2 d. Pollinators were primarily hoverflies (Syrphidae), but their visitation rates were low and further reduced by adverse weather conditions. Experimental data indicated a mixed breeding system in N. candida, predominantly outcrossing but self-compatible, with pollinator dependency for successful reproduction. Seed viability was determined to be (45.33 ± 4.29)%, yet germination rates under natural conditions were significantly lower (2.67 ± 1.63)% due to physical dormancy imposed by seed coat barriers. Reproductive limitations in N. candida arose from its floral traits, pollination challenges (e.g., limited pollinator availability and low visitation rates), and low seed viability. Environmental stressors (e.g., frequent rainfall) exacerbated pollination constraints. In unpredictable pollination environments, N. candida relied on autonomous self-pollination, which may result in inbreeding depression, thereby escalating its endangerment risk.

Key words: endangered species, Nymphaea candida, flowering phenology, breeding system, pollination, seed germination, endangerment factor

ZHOU Xin-Yu, LIU Hui-Liang, GAO Bei, LU Yu-Ting, TAO Ling-Qing, WEN Xiao-Hu, ZHANG Lan, ZHANG Yuan-Ming. Reproductive biology of endangered and endemic species Nymphaea candida in Xinjiang, China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(10): 1643-1655.

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花部参数 Flower parameter	平均值(±标准误) Average value (± SE)	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum
花冠直径 Corolla diameter (mm)	102.24 ± 9.23	123.26	89.14
花冠口直径 Corolla mouth diameter (mm)	30.73 ± 2.79	37.32	25.44
萼片长度 Sepal length (mm)	51.72 ± 3.95	60.08	40.48
萼片宽度 Sepal width (mm)	17.01 ± 1.30	19.66	14.63
花瓣长度 Petal length (mm)	49.90 ± 3.59	58.28	39.96
花瓣宽度 Petal width (mm)	17.66 ± 1.33	19.66	14.47
外层雄蕊长度 Outer stamen length (mm)	24.12 ± 1.74	26.97	20.15
外层雄蕊花药长度 Outer stamen anther length (mm)	5.03 ± 0.67	6.24	3.29
中层雄蕊长度 Middle stamen length (mm)	27.77 ± 1.68	29.56	23.17
中层雄蕊花药长度 Middle stamen anther length (mm)	9.92 ± 0.78	11.37	8.08
内层雄蕊长度 Inner stamen length (mm)	17.57 ± 1.62	19.56	13.54
内层雄蕊花药长度 Inner stamen anther length (mm)	7.13 ± 0.76	7.97	5.90
花柱长度 Flower column length (mm)	12.28 ± 1.73	15.18	10.05
子房宽度 Ovary width (mm)	12.17 ± 1.49	15.37	10.49

花部参数 Flower parameter	平均值(±标准误) Average value (± SE)	最大值 Maximum	最小值 Minimum
花冠直径 Corolla diameter (mm)	102.24 ± 9.23	123.26	89.14
花冠口直径 Corolla mouth diameter (mm)	30.73 ± 2.79	37.32	25.44
萼片长度 Sepal length (mm)	51.72 ± 3.95	60.08	40.48
萼片宽度 Sepal width (mm)	17.01 ± 1.30	19.66	14.63
花瓣长度 Petal length (mm)	49.90 ± 3.59	58.28	39.96
花瓣宽度 Petal width (mm)	17.66 ± 1.33	19.66	14.47
外层雄蕊长度 Outer stamen length (mm)	24.12 ± 1.74	26.97	20.15
外层雄蕊花药长度 Outer stamen anther length (mm)	5.03 ± 0.67	6.24	3.29
中层雄蕊长度 Middle stamen length (mm)	27.77 ± 1.68	29.56	23.17
中层雄蕊花药长度 Middle stamen anther length (mm)	9.92 ± 0.78	11.37	8.08
内层雄蕊长度 Inner stamen length (mm)	17.57 ± 1.62	19.56	13.54
内层雄蕊花药长度 Inner stamen anther length (mm)	7.13 ± 0.76	7.97	5.90
花柱长度 Flower column length (mm)	12.28 ± 1.73	15.18	10.05
子房宽度 Ovary width (mm)	12.17 ± 1.49	15.37	10.49

开花时间 Flower time (d)	花粉活力 Pollen viability (%)	柱头可授性 Stigma receptivity	柱头形状 Stigma shape
开花1天 Flowering 1 d	0	++	竖立 Erect
开花2天 Flowering 2 d	89.68	+/-	竖立 Erect
开花3天 Flowering 3 d	88.02	-	竖立、内扣 Erect, incurved
开花4天 Flowering 4 d	86.98	-	内扣 Incurved

开花时间 Flower time (d)	花粉活力 Pollen viability (%)	柱头可授性 Stigma receptivity	柱头形状 Stigma shape
开花1天 Flowering 1 d	0	++	竖立 Erect
开花2天 Flowering 2 d	89.68	+/-	竖立 Erect
开花3天 Flowering 3 d	88.02	-	竖立、内扣 Erect, incurved
开花4天 Flowering 4 d	86.98	-	内扣 Incurved

处理 Treatment	授粉花数 Flower number	结实数 Fruit number	结实率 Seed-set ratio (%)
自然对照 Natural control	15	7	46.67
自然自花授粉 Natural self-pollination	10	4	40.00
自然异花授粉 Natural cross-pollination	10	3	30.00
同株异花授粉 Cross-pollination in one plant	10	7	70.00
异株异花授粉 Cross-pollination in different plant	10	8	80.00
无融合授粉 No fusion pollination	10	0	0.00