Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (9): 1498-1514.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0336 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0336
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
XING Qiang1(
), ZHAO Bin2,*()(
), HU Yong-Hong1, YANG Jun1, QIN Jun1, LIU He-Ming1, WANG Hong-Bing3, ZHOU Peng4
Received:2024-09-29
Accepted:2025-02-07
Online:2025-09-20
Published:2025-02-08
Contact:
XING Qiang, ZHAO Bin
Supported by:XING Qiang, ZHAO Bin, HU Yong-Hong, YANG Jun, QIN Jun, LIU He-Ming, WANG Hong-Bing, ZHOU Peng. Root trait variation in response to a novel soil substrate in two typical vertical greening plants from the East China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2025, 49(9): 1498-1514.
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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0336
| 土壤性状指标 Soil property indicator | 基质类型 Medium type | |
|---|---|---|
| 新型基质 NSM | 混配基质 TSFM | |
| 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) | 0.20 ± 0.06b | 0.85 ± 0.17a |
| 电导率 Conductivity cmol (+) (kg) | 61.80 ± 11.32a | 34.76 ± 5.31b |
| pH | 7.30 ± 0.60a | 7.20 ± 0.20a |
| 有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg-1) | 343.30 ± 56.91a | 308.40 ± 72.17a |
| 全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg-1) | 428.32 ± 21.39a | 311.14 ± 64.03b |
| 有效磷含量 Active phosphorus content (mg·kg-1) | 2.94 ± 0.78a | 0.87 ± 0.31b |
| 有效钾含量 Active potassium content (mg·kg-1) | 235.24 ± 27.64a | 24.74 ± 7.60b |
| 非毛管孔隙度 Non-capillary porosity (%) | 11.34 ± 0.92a | 1.18 ± 0.26b |
| 毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity (%) | 44.08 ± 1.92a | 42.53 ± 6.37a |
| 总孔隙度 Total porosity (%) | 55.42 ± 6.49a | 43.72 ± 9.28a |
| 紧实度 Compactness (pounds per square inch, Psi) | 90.00 ± 13.28a | 18.50 ± 1.77b |
| 最大持水量 Maximum water holding capacity (g·kg-1) | 2 831.90 ± 137.64a | 639.13 ± 59.31b |
Table 1 Comparison of physicochemical properties of different types of substrates used for green wall plant cultivation in East China
| 土壤性状指标 Soil property indicator | 基质类型 Medium type | |
|---|---|---|
| 新型基质 NSM | 混配基质 TSFM | |
| 容重 Bulk density (g·cm-3) | 0.20 ± 0.06b | 0.85 ± 0.17a |
| 电导率 Conductivity cmol (+) (kg) | 61.80 ± 11.32a | 34.76 ± 5.31b |
| pH | 7.30 ± 0.60a | 7.20 ± 0.20a |
| 有机质含量 Organic matter content (g·kg-1) | 343.30 ± 56.91a | 308.40 ± 72.17a |
| 全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g·kg-1) | 428.32 ± 21.39a | 311.14 ± 64.03b |
| 有效磷含量 Active phosphorus content (mg·kg-1) | 2.94 ± 0.78a | 0.87 ± 0.31b |
| 有效钾含量 Active potassium content (mg·kg-1) | 235.24 ± 27.64a | 24.74 ± 7.60b |
| 非毛管孔隙度 Non-capillary porosity (%) | 11.34 ± 0.92a | 1.18 ± 0.26b |
| 毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity (%) | 44.08 ± 1.92a | 42.53 ± 6.37a |
| 总孔隙度 Total porosity (%) | 55.42 ± 6.49a | 43.72 ± 9.28a |
| 紧实度 Compactness (pounds per square inch, Psi) | 90.00 ± 13.28a | 18.50 ± 1.77b |
| 最大持水量 Maximum water holding capacity (g·kg-1) | 2 831.90 ± 137.64a | 639.13 ± 59.31b |
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the planting experiment of the experimental green wall plants Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ (Tj) and Vinca major ‘Variegata’ (Vm). NSM, novel soil medium; TSFM, traditional soil formulation medium.
Fig. 2 Changes in root length (RL), number of root tips (RT), root surface area (SA), root volume (RV), average root diameter (AD), and root fork (RF) of Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ (Tj) and Vinca major ‘Variegata’ (Vm) in the green wall with seedling age (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant traits in the novel soil medium at 0.05 level, different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in plant traits in the traditional soil formulation medium at 0.05 level. The asterisks represent the significance of differences in plant root conformation between the two substrates in the same year, with * representing significant (p < 0.05), ** representing highly significant (p < 0.01), respectively. NSM, novel soil medium; TSFM, traditional soil formulation medium.
Fig. 3 Changes in aboveground biomass (AGB), root biomass (RB), root biomass ratio (RBR), and root-shoot ratio (RSR) of Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ (Tj) and Vinca major ‘Variegata’ (Vm) in the green wall with seedling age (mean ± SD). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant traits in the novel soil medium at 0.05 level, different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in plant traits in the traditional soil formulation medium at 0.05 level. The asterisks represent the significance of differences in plant root conformation between the two substrates in the same year, with * representing significant (p < 0.05), ** representing highly significant (p < 0.01), respectively. NSM, novel soil medium; TSFM, traditional soil formulation medium.
Fig. 4 Changes in root length (RL), number of root tips (RT), root surface area (SA), and ratio of root volume (RV) to total root system of coarse (D2) and fine (D1) roots of plants in different media as a function of seedling age. Tj, Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’; Vm, Vinca major ‘Variegata’. NSM, novel soil medium; TSFM, traditional soil formulation medium.
| 数量特征 Quantitative character | 基质类型 Type of soil medium | 最小值 Minimum | 最大值 Maximum | 平均值 Mean | 标准误 Standard deviation | 变异率 Coefficient of variation (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 根长 Root length (cm) | 新型基质 NSM | 1 046.00 | 7 412.00 | 3 416.00 | 397.90 | 49.42 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 672.20 | 16 426.00 | 4 803.00 | 1 153.00 | 101.80 | |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 新型基质 NSM | 351.30 | 1 281.00 | 666.10 | 53.57 | 34.12 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 101.70 | 2 711.00 | 1 108.00 | 206.80 | 79.15 | |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | 新型基质 NSM | 0.46 | 9.39 | 2.21 | 0.62 | 119.50 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.50 | 5.23 | 1.26 | 0.30 | 101.40 | |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 新型基质 NSM | 5.53 | 18.91 | 11.42 | 0.85 | 31.42 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 1.43 | 36.20 | 13.53 | 2.65 | 83.09 | |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 新型基质 NSM | 642.00 | 16 456.00 | 7 735.00 | 950.30 | 52.12 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 1 022.00 | 76 425.00 | 10 869.00 | 4 291.00 | 167.50 | |
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 新型基质 NSM | 4 047.00 | 20 073.00 | 10 936.00 | 1 142.00 | 44.32 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 2 362.00 | 90 794.00 | 20 595.00 | 5 466.00 | 112.60 | |
| 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g) | 新型基质 NSM | 2.56 | 15.46 | 9.06 | 1.03 | 48.01 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 2.01 | 26.96 | 11.13 | 1.47 | 56.17 | |
| 根生物量 Root biomass (g) | 新型基质 NSM | 3.59 | 7.38 | 5.09 | 0.29 | 24.27 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.79 | 8.37 | 4.36 | 0.53 | 51.43 | |
| 根生物量比 Root biomass ration | 新型基质 NSM | 0.26 | 1.04 | 0.50 | 0.05 | 44.79 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 29.32 | |
| 根冠比 Root to shoot ratio | 新型基质 NSM | 0.28 | 1.46 | 0.74 | 0.10 | 57.13 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 42.13 |
Table 2 Variation characteristics of quantitative characters in Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ and Vinca major ‘Variegata’
| 数量特征 Quantitative character | 基质类型 Type of soil medium | 最小值 Minimum | 最大值 Maximum | 平均值 Mean | 标准误 Standard deviation | 变异率 Coefficient of variation (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 根长 Root length (cm) | 新型基质 NSM | 1 046.00 | 7 412.00 | 3 416.00 | 397.90 | 49.42 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 672.20 | 16 426.00 | 4 803.00 | 1 153.00 | 101.80 | |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 新型基质 NSM | 351.30 | 1 281.00 | 666.10 | 53.57 | 34.12 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 101.70 | 2 711.00 | 1 108.00 | 206.80 | 79.15 | |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | 新型基质 NSM | 0.46 | 9.39 | 2.21 | 0.62 | 119.50 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.50 | 5.23 | 1.26 | 0.30 | 101.40 | |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 新型基质 NSM | 5.53 | 18.91 | 11.42 | 0.85 | 31.42 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 1.43 | 36.20 | 13.53 | 2.65 | 83.09 | |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 新型基质 NSM | 642.00 | 16 456.00 | 7 735.00 | 950.30 | 52.12 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 1 022.00 | 76 425.00 | 10 869.00 | 4 291.00 | 167.50 | |
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 新型基质 NSM | 4 047.00 | 20 073.00 | 10 936.00 | 1 142.00 | 44.32 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 2 362.00 | 90 794.00 | 20 595.00 | 5 466.00 | 112.60 | |
| 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g) | 新型基质 NSM | 2.56 | 15.46 | 9.06 | 1.03 | 48.01 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 2.01 | 26.96 | 11.13 | 1.47 | 56.17 | |
| 根生物量 Root biomass (g) | 新型基质 NSM | 3.59 | 7.38 | 5.09 | 0.29 | 24.27 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.79 | 8.37 | 4.36 | 0.53 | 51.43 | |
| 根生物量比 Root biomass ration | 新型基质 NSM | 0.26 | 1.04 | 0.50 | 0.05 | 44.79 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 29.32 | |
| 根冠比 Root to shoot ratio | 新型基质 NSM | 0.28 | 1.46 | 0.74 | 0.10 | 57.13 |
| 混配基质 TSFM | 0.16 | 0.90 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 42.13 |
Fig. 5 Correlation of morphological characteristics and biomass of underground root systems in Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ and Vinca major ‘Variegata’. AD, average root diameter; AGB, aboveground biomass; RB, root biomass; RBR, root biomass ratio; RF, root fork number; RL, root length; RSR, root-to-shoot ratio; RT, root tip number; RV, root volume; SA, root surface area.
| 植物性状 Vegetative trait | 主成分1 PC1 | 主成分2 PC2 | 综合得分 Comprehensive score | 综合位次 Comprehensive ranking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 根长 Root length (cm) | 0.94 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 1 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 0.85 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 2 |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 0.83 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 3 |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 0.81 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 4 |
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 0.78 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 5 |
| 根生物量 Root biomass (g) | 0.59 | -0.51 | 0.20 | 6 |
| 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g) | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 7 |
| 根冠比 Root to shoot ratio | -0.39 | 0.76 | 0.01 | 8 |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | -0.37 | 0.90 | 0.04 | 9 |
| 根生物量比 Root biomass ration | -0.24 | 0.65 | 0.03 | 10 |
| 特征值 Eigenvalue | 4.48 | 2.29 | ||
| 贡献率 Contribution rate (%) | 44.79 | 22.89 | ||
| 累积贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%) | 44.79 | 67.68 |
Table 3 Principal component (PC) analysis of traits between belowground root architecture characteristics and biomass of Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ and Vinca major ‘Variegata’
| 植物性状 Vegetative trait | 主成分1 PC1 | 主成分2 PC2 | 综合得分 Comprehensive score | 综合位次 Comprehensive ranking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 根长 Root length (cm) | 0.94 | 0.18 | 0.34 | 1 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 0.85 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 2 |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 0.83 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 3 |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 0.81 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 4 |
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 0.78 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 5 |
| 根生物量 Root biomass (g) | 0.59 | -0.51 | 0.20 | 6 |
| 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass (g) | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 7 |
| 根冠比 Root to shoot ratio | -0.39 | 0.76 | 0.01 | 8 |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | -0.37 | 0.90 | 0.04 | 9 |
| 根生物量比 Root biomass ration | -0.24 | 0.65 | 0.03 | 10 |
| 特征值 Eigenvalue | 4.48 | 2.29 | ||
| 贡献率 Contribution rate (%) | 44.79 | 22.89 | ||
| 累积贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate (%) | 44.79 | 67.68 |
Fig. 6 Analysis of variance for maximum values of Vinca major ‘Variegata’ (A-E) and Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ (F-J) in green wall in mixed media (mean ± SD). AD, average root diameter; AGB, aboveground biomass; RB, root biomass; RBR, root biomass ratio; RF, root fork number; RL, root length; RSR, root-to-shoot ratio; RT, root tip number; RV, root volume; SA, root surface area. Different lowercase letters indicate that the differences in the physicochemical properties of different substrates are significant (p < 0.05).
Fig. 7 Trends in root conformation indices of Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ (A-F) and Vinca major ‘Variegata’ (F-L) in green wall in a novel medium. AD, average root diameter; AGB, aboveground biomass; RB, root biomass; RBR, root biomass ratio; RF, root fork number; RL, root length; RSR, root-to-shoot ratio; RT, root tip number; RV, root volume; SA, root surface area. The dotted line indicates the fitted trend of root architecture changing over time.
| 植物性状 Vegetative trait | 物种 Species | 拟合方程 Simultaneous equation | R2 | p | 峰值年限 Maximum number of years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 根分叉数 Root forks | Vm | y = 4273x + 3277.00 | 0.62 | 0.002 | 13.00 |
| 根长 Root length (cm) | Vm | y = 1029x + 290.60 | 0.79 | 0.000 1 | 12.26 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | Vm | y = 3385x - 509.90 | 0.88 | <0.000 1 | 12.19 |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | Vm | y = 224.4x + 88.66 | 0.92 | <0.000 1 | 9.65 |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | Vm | y = 3.929x + 2.71 | 0.68 | 0.000 9 | 6.47 |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | Vm | y = 0.6133x + 0.35 | 0.75 | 0.000 3 | 0.61 |
| 根分叉数 Root forks | Tj | y = 1037x + 5968.00 | 0.05 | 0.483 | 26.91 |
| 根长 Root length (cm) | Tj | y = 1474x + 1332.00 | 0.66 | 0.001 2 | 4.92 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | Tj | y = 3267x + 2545.00 | 0.65 | 0.001 6 | 3.09 |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | Tj | y = 239.8x + 249.10 | 0.59 | 0.003 5 | 4.55 |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | Tj | y = 3.090x + 3.94 | 0.43 | 0.019 7 | 4.69 |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | Tj | y = -0.6831x + 3.30 | 0.06 | 0.448 3 | 0.60 |
Table 4 Prediction of the number of years for Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ (Tj) and Vinca major ‘Variegata’ (Vm) in green wall of root conformation indicators to peak in a novel medium
| 植物性状 Vegetative trait | 物种 Species | 拟合方程 Simultaneous equation | R2 | p | 峰值年限 Maximum number of years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 根分叉数 Root forks | Vm | y = 4273x + 3277.00 | 0.62 | 0.002 | 13.00 |
| 根长 Root length (cm) | Vm | y = 1029x + 290.60 | 0.79 | 0.000 1 | 12.26 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | Vm | y = 3385x - 509.90 | 0.88 | <0.000 1 | 12.19 |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | Vm | y = 224.4x + 88.66 | 0.92 | <0.000 1 | 9.65 |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | Vm | y = 3.929x + 2.71 | 0.68 | 0.000 9 | 6.47 |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | Vm | y = 0.6133x + 0.35 | 0.75 | 0.000 3 | 0.61 |
| 根分叉数 Root forks | Tj | y = 1037x + 5968.00 | 0.05 | 0.483 | 26.91 |
| 根长 Root length (cm) | Tj | y = 1474x + 1332.00 | 0.66 | 0.001 2 | 4.92 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | Tj | y = 3267x + 2545.00 | 0.65 | 0.001 6 | 3.09 |
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | Tj | y = 239.8x + 249.10 | 0.59 | 0.003 5 | 4.55 |
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | Tj | y = 3.090x + 3.94 | 0.43 | 0.019 7 | 4.69 |
| 根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm) | Tj | y = -0.6831x + 3.30 | 0.06 | 0.448 3 | 0.60 |
| 物种 Species | 功能性状 Functional trait | 主成分得分 Principal component score | 达峰值年限 Maximum number of years | 归一化 Normalisation | 综合年限 Comprehensive years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tj | 根长 Root length (cm) | 0.34 | 4.92 | 1.07 | 6.99 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 0.34 | 3.09 | 0.66 | ||
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 0.30 | 4.69 | 0.91 | ||
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 0.29 | 4.55 | 0.85 | ||
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 0.29 | 26.91 | 3.49 | ||
| Vm | 根长 Root length (cm) | 0.34 | 12.26 | 2.66 | 10.77 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 0.34 | 12.19 | 2.61 | ||
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 0.30 | 6.47 | 1.25 | ||
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 0.29 | 9.65 | 1.81 | ||
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 0.29 | 13.00 | 2.44 |
Table 5 Prediction of the number of years for Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’ (Tj) and Vinca major ‘Variegata’ (Vm) in green wall of root conformation indicators to peak in a novel medium
| 物种 Species | 功能性状 Functional trait | 主成分得分 Principal component score | 达峰值年限 Maximum number of years | 归一化 Normalisation | 综合年限 Comprehensive years (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tj | 根长 Root length (cm) | 0.34 | 4.92 | 1.07 | 6.99 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 0.34 | 3.09 | 0.66 | ||
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 0.30 | 4.69 | 0.91 | ||
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 0.29 | 4.55 | 0.85 | ||
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 0.29 | 26.91 | 3.49 | ||
| Vm | 根长 Root length (cm) | 0.34 | 12.26 | 2.66 | 10.77 |
| 根尖数 Number of root tip | 0.34 | 12.19 | 2.61 | ||
| 根体积 Root volume (cm3) | 0.30 | 6.47 | 1.25 | ||
| 根表面积 Root surface area (cm2) | 0.29 | 9.65 | 1.81 | ||
| 根分叉数 Root forks | 0.29 | 13.00 | 2.44 |
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