Effects of tillage and nitrogen addition rate on nitrogen metabolism, grain yield and protein content in wheat in lime concretion black soil region

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00072

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims The purpose of this study was to determine a suitable combination of tillage method and nitrogen rate to improve wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield and protein content in lime concretion black soil.
Methods Under the field experimental conditions, three tillage methods (subsoiling and rotary tillage, rotary tillage, and conventional tillage) were used as the main treatments, and four nitrogen application rates (0, 120, 225 and 330 kg·hm^-2) were used as sub-treatments. Nitrogen assimilation after jointing stage, grain yield, and protein content were determined in wheat plants to study the effects of different tillage methods and nitrogen application rate on these variables.
Important findings Results showed that the glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, free amino acid content, and soluble protein content in wheat plants initially increased and then decreased during growth. The peaks of GS activity, free amino acid content, and soluble protein content occurred 10 days after flowering in the subsoiling treatment with 225 or 330 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen application rate, and at the flowering stage for other treatment combinations. Compared with the conventional tillage and rotary tillage, the bulk density of 10 to 40 cm soil in the subsoiling treatment was significantly reduced, and the soil total porosity and root dry weight were significantly increased. Tillage method and nitrogen application rate had a significant impact on grain yield and protein content in wheat plants. Grain yield and protein content were highest in the subsoiling treatment. Regardless of the tillage method, the grain yield and protein content both increased with increasing nitrogen application rate. The grain yield in the subsoiling treatment was highest with nitrogen application rate at 330 kg·hm^-2, whereas the outputs of conventional tillage and rotary tillage were peaked at nitrogen application rate of 225 kg·hm^-2. The grain protein content was highest at nitrogen application rate of 225 kg·hm^-2under the three tillage methods. Thus, subsoiling with optimum nitrogen rate should be promoted in lime concretion black soil. Subsoiling increased grain yield and protein quality by improving soil conditions and the absorption of root systems for soil nitrogen.

Key words: nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen addition rate, protein content, tillage, wheat, yield

XIONG Shu-Ping, WANG Jing, WANG Xiao-Chun, DING Shi-Jie, MA Xin-Ming. Effects of tillage and nitrogen addition rate on nitrogen metabolism, grain yield and protein content in wheat in lime concretion black soil region[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2014, 38(7): 767-775.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00072

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2014/V38/I7/767

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, no nitrogen addition; N120, 120 kg·hm-2 nitrogen addition; N225, 225 kg·hm-2 nitrogen addition; N330, 330 kg·hm-2 nitrogen addition.

Fig. 2 Free amino acid content in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, N120, N225, N330, see Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 Soluble protein content in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, N120, N225, N330, see Fig. 1.

Fig. 4 Total nitrogen content in functional leaves of wheat plants under different tillage methods and N application rates (mean ± SE). AF1, 10 days after flowering; AF2, 20 days after flowering; AF3, 30 days after flowering; FS, flowering stage; JS, jointing stage. CT, conventional tillage; RT, rotary tillage; ST, subsoiling. N0, N120, N225, N330, see Fig. 1.

Table 1 Soil water content, soil bulk density, soil total porosity and root dry mass in different soil layers under different tillage patterns

土层 Soil layer (cm)	耕作方式 Tillage method	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g·cm^-3)	土壤含水量 Soil water content (%)	总孔隙度 Soil total porosity (%)	根干质量 Root dry weight (g·10^-4·cm^-3)
0-10	常规 CT	1.25^a	27.34^a	47.19^c	15.45^c
	深松 ST	1.16^b	25.63^b	52.14^b	22.05^b
	旋耕 RT	1.08^c	27.99^a	55.95^a	25.48^a
10-20	常规 CT	1.43^b	25.88^b	37.24^b	4.80^b
	深松 ST	1.36^c	26.71^a	42.26^a	11.05^a
	旋耕 RT	1.51^a	25.72^b	31.31^c	3.50^c
20-40	常规 CT	1.44^a	30.17^b	36.29^b	4.71^b
	深松 ST	1.35^bc	30.65^a	41.33^a	7.14^a
	旋耕 RT	1.38^ab	30.38^ab	38.63^b	2.85^c

Table 2 Grain yield and protein content in wheat plants under different tillage patterns and N application rates

耕作方式 Tillage method	施氮量 Nitrogen rate	穗数 Spike (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Number of kernels per ear	千粒重 10³grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (10³kg·hm^-2)	籽粒蛋白含量 Grain protein content (%)
常规 CT	N0	367^d	26.6^b	39.93^c	3.31^d	10.68^c
	N120	434^c	40.4^a	44.72^b	6.66^c	12.16^b
	N225	490^a	41.6^a	45.51^a	7.89^a	13.52^a
	N330	467^b	42.1^a	44.88^b	7.48^b	13.34^a
	平均值 Average	439.5^Bb	37.7^Bb	43.76^Aab	6.34^Bb	12.43^ABb
深松 ST	N0	380^b	27.9^c	40.38^d	3.64^d	10.98^c
	N120	481^a	42.2^b	43.86^c	7.57^c	13.26^b
	N225	489^a	43.1^ab	46.16^b	8.27^b	14.00^a
	N330	499^a	43.9^a	47.64^a	8.87^a	13.26^b
	平均值 Average	462.25^Aa	39.3^Aa	44.51^Aa	7.09^Aa	12.88^Aa
旋耕 RT	N0	313^c	23.5^c	40.12^c	2.51^d	10.46^c
	N120	437^b	34.4^b	43.94^b	5.61^c	11.33^b
	N225	458^a	42.2^a	44.99^a	7.39^a	12.13^a
	N330	438^b	42.9^a	43.36^b	6.93^b	11.91^ab
	平均值 Average	412^Cc	35.75^Cc	43.10^Bb	5.61^Cc	11.46^Cc
耕作方式 Tillage method	F值 F-value	41.25^**	20.99^**	117.21^**	43.44^**	111.40^**
施氮水平 Nitrogen level	F值 F-value	267.88^**	353.68^**	496.89^**	942.79^**	330.49^**
耕作×施氮 Tillage × Nitrogen	F值 F-value	19.72^**	11.07^**	45.10^**	11.06^**	22.08^**

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