内蒙古荒漠草原放牧强度对风沙通量和沉积物粒径的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2016.0045

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以内蒙古短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)草原为研究对象, 在放牧11年的样地布设BSNE集沙仪, 通过2013年4月到2015年4月4个采样期对短花针茅草原放牧强度与风沙通量的定量关系及风蚀物粒度特征进行了研究。结果表明: (1)放牧强度对风沙通量有显著影响(p < 0.05)。随着放牧强度增强, 风沙通量逐渐增加; 风沙通量对放牧强度的响应存在季节差异, 生长季的日平均风沙通量小于非生长季, 且生长季不同放牧强度间风沙通量差异较大, 其中重度放牧区风沙通量是对照区的5倍, 而非生长季不同放牧强度间风沙通量差异较小, 重度放牧区是对照区的1.7倍; (2)生长季不同高度风沙通量的自然对数和垂直高度之间存在较好的二项式拟合结果, 而非生长季风沙通量的垂直分布没有明显规律; 放牧强度间通量的垂直分布差异主要表现在0-50 cm高度; 在同样高度, 放牧强度大, 垂直通量也大; (3)风蚀沉积物中粒径≤250 μm颗粒富集度随垂直高度变化而变化; 风沙沉积物中, ≤250 μm的颗粒占沉积物总量的85%以上, 沉积物中粒径≤50 μm的颗粒有明显的富集作用, 且随垂直高度增加富集比逐渐增加; 粒径为125-250 μm和50-125 μm的颗粒表现为随垂直高度增加富集比降低的趋势, 且125-250 μm粒径的富集比显著小于50-125 μm颗粒的富集比; 荒漠草原放牧强度对风沙通量有不同程度的影响, 放牧强度越大, 风蚀越重, 风蚀作用强化了重度放牧对草地退化的影响作用。

关键词: 放牧强度, 风蚀, 风沙沉积物, 风沙通量, 荒漠草原

Abstract:

Aims Grazing activities degrade soil aggregates, reduce vegetation coverage and affect the amount of deposited material, and make the land more vulnerable to wind erosion. Although livestock increase was considered as the main issue leading to the degradation, only very few studies have quantitatively investigated the relationship between grazing and soil erosion. The relationship between different stocking rates and sediment flux, and sediment soil particle was studied to reveal the mechanism of different grazing intensities on soil erosion process, to provide basic parameters for grazing optimization in the Stipa breviflora desert steppe. Methods In the Stipa breviflora desert steppe research area, BSNE collecting sand boxes were set in the randomly distributed paddock experiment sites for 11 year with different grazing intensities (0.15、0.30、0.45、0 sheep·hm^-2·month^-1, corresponding to light grazing LG, moderate grazing MG, heavy grazing HG and control CK, respectively). The quantitative relationship between grazing intensity and sediment flux, and the characteristics of sediment soil particle were conducted in four sampling periods through 2 years (April 2013 to April 2015).Important findings (1) Grazing intensity had a significant effect on the sediment flux (p< 0.05), and the sediment flux increased with the increase of grazing intensity. The response of sediment flux to grazing intensity was variable with season. The daily average sediment flux (13.12 g·m^-1·d^-1) during the period of April to October was smaller than that from October to April (18.74 g·m^-1·d^-1). The sediment flux difference of different grazing intensities was greater from April to October, with the 5 times daily average sand flux in the heavy grazing paddock that in the control. The average sediment flux difference of different grazing intensities was small from October to April. (2) The relationship between the natural logarithm of sediment flux at different height and the vertical height had a better binomial fitting from April to October, and there was no obvious regular pattern about flux vertical distribution from October to April, and the vertical flux difference of grazing intensities was mainly expressed in 0-50 cm layer. (3) Sand sediment particle ≤250 μm accounted for more than 85% of the total sediment, the sand sediment particle of ≤50 μm) size was significantly enriched, and the enrichment ratio increased with the increase of vertical height. The enrichment ratio of 125-250 μm particle and 50-125 μm particle decreased with the increase of vertical height, and the enrichment ratio of 125-250 μm particle was smaller than that of 50-125 μm particle (p< 0.05). Therefore grazing intensity had different influence on the sand flux in Stipa breviflora desert steppe, the greater the grazing intensity, the heavier the wind erosion was, and the effect of grazing intensity on grassland was enhanced by wind erosion.

Key words: grazing intensity, wind erosion, windblown sediments, sediment flux, desert steppe

李永强, 李治国, 董智, 王忠武, 屈志强, 韩国栋. 内蒙古荒漠草原放牧强度对风沙通量和沉积物粒径的影响. 植物生态学报, 2016, 40(10): 1003-1014. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0045

Yong-Qiang LI, Zhi-Guo LI, Zhi DONG, Zhong-Wu WANG, Zhi-Qiang QU, Guo-Dong HAN. Effects of grazing intensity on windblown sediment mass flux and particle size distribution in the desert steppe of Nei Mongol, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 40(10): 1003-1014. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0045

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2016.0045

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2016/V40/I10/1003

图/表 6

图1 试验站2013年4月至2015年4月降水量和相对湿度的月变化。

Fig. 1 Monthly variation of precipitation and relative humidity from April 2013 to April 2015 at the experimental site.

图2 不同采样期(2013年4月至2015年4月)风向风速分布。

Fig. 2 Distribution of frequency (%) of wind speed from different directions in different sampling dates (April 2013 to April 2015).

图3 不同放牧强度在生长季和非生长季日平均风沙通量变化(平均值±标准误差, n = 3)。A, 生长季。B, 非生长季。CK, 对照; LG, 轻度放牧; MG, 中度放牧; HG, 重度放牧。不同小写字母表示同一时期不同放牧处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Mean horizontal mass flux versus different levels of stocking rate in growing-season and non-growing-season in two sampling years (mean ± SE, n = 3). A, Growing-season. B, Non-growing season. CK, control; LG, lightly grazed; MG, moderately grazed; HG, heavily grazed. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the differently stocking rate during the same period (p < 0.05).

图4 不同采样期风沙流水平通量对数随高度的变化。A, 2013-2014年生长季。B, 2014-2015年生长季。C, 2013-2014年非生长季。D, 2014-2015年非生长季。CK, 对照; LG, 轻度放牧; MG 中度放牧; HG, 重度放牧。

Fig. 4 Natural logarithm of sediment flux as a function of height during different sampling seasons. A, 2013-2014 growing-season. B, 2014-2015 growing-season. C, 2013-1014 non-growing-season. D, 2014-2015 non-growing-season. CK, control; LG, lightly grazed; MG, moderately grazed; HG, heavily grazed.

图5 对照(CK)和重度放牧(HG)区生长季(10月采样期)不同集沙高度的风沙沉积物粒径分布曲线。A, 2013年10月CK区。B, 2014年10月CK区。C, 2013年10月HG区。D, 2014年10月HG区。10 cm、30 cm、50 cm、100 cm为集沙高度。

Fig. 5 Particle size distributions for sediment samples of the BSNE different heights on control (CK) and heavily grazed (HG) treatments during growing seasons (October sampling period). A, October 2013 CK. B, October 2014 CK. C, October 2013 HG. D, October 2014 HG. 10 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm indicate heights of the traps.

图6 不同放牧处理风沙沉积物中直径(D) ≤ 250 μm颗粒富集比随高度的变化(富集比=沉积物中某粒径含量/土壤表土中对应粒径含量)。CK, 对照。LG, 轻度放牧。MG, 中度放牧。HG, 重度放牧。

Fig. 6 Enrichment factor (E) of particle size ≤ 250 μm in sediments versus different heights of different treatments (enrichment factor = content of particle size in the sediments / content of the relative particle size in the surface soil layer). CK, Control. LG, Lightly grazed. MG, Moderately grazed. HG, Heavily grazed. D250, particle size ≤ 250 μm.

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