降水量变化下荒漠草原土壤呼吸及其影响因素

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0176

植物生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (9): 1310-1321.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0176

降水量变化下荒漠草原土壤呼吸及其影响因素

李冰¹^,², 朱湾湾³, 韩翠¹, 余海龙³, 黄菊莹²^,^*()

¹宁夏大学林业与草业学院, 银川 750021
²西北土地退化与生态恢复国家重点实验室培育基地, 西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室, 宁夏大学生态环境学院, 银川 750021
³宁夏大学地理科学与规划学院, 银川 750021

收稿日期:2022-05-05 接受日期:2022-09-07 出版日期:2023-09-20 发布日期:2023-09-28
通讯作者: * 黄菊莹(juyinghuang@163.com)
基金资助:
宁夏自然科学基金(2022AAC02012);宁夏自然科学基金(2022AAC03120);国家自然科学基金(32160277)

Soil respiration and its influencing factors in a desert steppe in northwestern China under changing precipitation regimes

LI Bing¹^,², ZHU Wan-Wan³, HAN Cui¹, YU Hai-Long³, HUANG Ju-Ying²^,^*()

¹School of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
²Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
³School of Geography and Planning, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Received:2022-05-05 Accepted:2022-09-07 Online:2023-09-20 Published:2023-09-28
Contact: * HUANG Ju-Ying(juyinghuang@163.com)
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2022AAC02012);Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2022AAC03120);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160277)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环最关键的组分之一。研究降水量变化下荒漠草原土壤呼吸的时间动态及其与环境因子间的联系, 可为深入理解降水格局改变下脆弱生态系统碳循环关键过程的调控机制提供数据支撑。该研究基于2014年在宁夏荒漠草原设立的降水量变化(减少50%、减少30%、自然、增加30%、增加50%)的野外控制实验, 探究了2019年6-10月土壤呼吸速率的时间动态, 分析了土壤呼吸速率与土壤性质和植物特征的关系。整个生长季土壤呼吸速率呈先增加后减弱的时间动态, 最大值(2.79-5.35 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)出现在7月下旬或8月上旬。与自然降水量相比, 减少30%降水量对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响, 反映了土壤呼吸对适度干旱的适应性。整体来看, 减少50%降水量降低了土壤呼吸速率, 增加降水量(尤其是增加30%)提高了土壤呼吸速率, 且其促进作用在前期(6-7月)尤为明显。土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著的指数关系, 与土壤含水量呈显著的线性关系。土壤理化性质对土壤呼吸速率有高的独立解释力, 且其影响与土壤生物学性质和植物多样性高度相关。降水量可直接影响土壤呼吸速率, 也可通过影响土壤生物学性质和植物生物量间接影响土壤呼吸速率。该研究结果表明, 适度增加降水量缓解了荒漠草原土壤水分受限性、刺激了土壤酶活性、促进了微生物活性和植物生长, 从而加速了土壤呼吸; 极端增加降水量则可能导致土壤透气性降低、微生物代谢活动受阻, 进而抑制土壤呼吸。

关键词: 降水格局改变, 荒漠草原, 植物群落特征, 土壤碳源, 土壤性质

Abstract:

Aims Soil respiration is one of the most critical components of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The study on temporal dynamics of soil respiration and its linkage with environmental factors in desert steppes under changing precipitation can provide data supports for a deep understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of key carbon cycling processes in fragile ecosystems.
Methods A field experiment involving five precipitation treatments (50% reduction, 30% reduction, natural, 30% increase, 50% increase) was set up in 2014 in a desert steppe in Ningxia. The temporal dynamics of soil respiration rate were explored during the growing season (from June to October) in 2019, and the relationships between soil respiration rate and soil properties and plant characteristics were analyzed.
Important findings Soil respiration rate showed a seasonal variation of an increasing and a decreasing trend across the growing season, with the maximum values (2.79-5.35 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) occurring in late July or early August. Compared with the natural condition, 30% reduction in precipitation did not result in a significant effect on soil respiration rate, reflecting the adaptability of soil respiration to moderate drought. Overall, 50% reduction in precipitation reduced soil respiration rate, whereas increased precipitation (especially the 30% increase) enhanced soil respiration rate, and this positive effect was especially obvious in the early growing season (June to July). Soil respiration rate had a significantly exponential relationship with soil temperature and a significantly linear relationship with soil water content. Soil physicochemical property had a highly independent explanatory power for soil respiration rate (R² = 0.36), and its effect was highly correlated with soil biological property and plant diversity (R² = 0.31). Precipitation could affect soil respiration rate either directly or indirectly through the influences on soil biological property and plant biomass. The results indicated that a moderate increase in precipitation could accelerate soil respiration by alleviating soil water limitation, stimulating soil enzyme activity, promoting microbial activity and plant growth in the desert steppe, and that an extreme increase in precipitation would lead to a decrease in soil permeability and a hindrance to microbial metabolic activity, thus inhibiting soil respiration.

Key words: changing precipitation pattern, desert steppe, plant community characteristic, soil carbon source, soil property

李冰, 朱湾湾, 韩翠, 余海龙, 黄菊莹. 降水量变化下荒漠草原土壤呼吸及其影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(9): 1310-1321. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0176

LI Bing, ZHU Wan-Wan, HAN Cui, YU Hai-Long, HUANG Ju-Ying. Soil respiration and its influencing factors in a desert steppe in northwestern China under changing precipitation regimes. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(9): 1310-1321. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0176

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0176

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I9/1310

图/表 10

图1 2019年宁夏盐池站点月降水量、平均气温和平均风速。

Fig. 1 Monthly precipitation, average air temperature, and average wind speed in the Yanchi station, Ningxia in 2019.

表1 降水量和测定时间影响荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率的重复测量方差分析

Table 1 Repeated measurement ANOVA of precipitation and measuring time on soil respiration rate in a desert steppe

差异来源 Difference source	df	8:00-10:00	15:00-17:00
降水量处理 Precipitation treatment (α)	4	13.198^**	37.013^**
测定时间 Measuring time (β)	4	24.532^**	37.278^**
降水量处理×测定时间 Interaction of α and β	16	0.520	0.678

图2 降水量变化对6-10月荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率的影响(平均值±标准误)。W1, 降水量减少50%; W2, 降水量减少30%; W3, 自然降水量; W4, 降水量增加30%; W5, 降水量增加50%。不同小写字母表示同一测定时间下降水量处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Effects of precipitation change on soil respiration rate from June to October in a desert steppe (mean ± SE). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the precipitation treatments under the same measuring time (p < 0.05).

表2 降水量和测定时间影响荒漠草原土壤温度(ST)和含水量(SWC)的重复测量方差分析

Table 2 Repeated measurement ANOVA of precipitation and measuring time on soil temperature (ST) and soil water content (SWC) in a desert steppe

差异来源 Differences source	df	ST		SWC
差异来源 Differences source	df	8:00-10:00	15:00-17:00	8:00-10:00
降水量处理 Precipitation treatment (α)	4	3.707^*	2.276	27.601^**
测定时间 Measuring time (β)	4	57.317^**	146.775^**	15.003^**
降水量处理×测定时间 Interaction of α and β	16	0.108	0.306	1.879

图3 降水量变化对6-10月荒漠草原土壤温度的影响(平均值±标准误)。W1, 降水量减少50%; W2, 降水量减少30%; W3, 自然降水量; W4, 降水量增加30%; W5, 降水量增加50%。不同小写字母表示同一测定时间下降水量处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Effects of precipitation change on soil temperature from June to October in a desert steppe (mean ± SE). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the precipitation treatments under the same measuring time (p < 0.05).

图4 降水量变化对6-10月荒漠草原土壤含水量的影响(平均值±标准误)。W1, 降水量减少50%; W2, 降水量减少30%; W3, 自然降水量; W4, 降水量增加30%; W5, 降水量增加50%。不同小写字母表示同一测定时间下降水量处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Effects of precipitation change on soil water content from June to October in a desert steppe (mean ± SE). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the precipitation treatments under the same measuring time (p < 0.05).

表3 降水量变化对8月荒漠草原土壤性质和植物特征的影响(平均值±标准误)

Table 3 Effects of precipitation change on soil properties and plant characteristics in August in a desert steppe (mean ± SE)

指标 Index	处理 Treatment
指标 Index	W1	W2	W3	W4	W5
pH	8.52 ± 0.05^bc	8.58 ± 0.04^ab	8.43 ± 0.04^c	8.67 ± 0.05^a	8.66 ± 0.04^a
EC	89.97 ± 0.88^a	93.37 ± 2.44^a	128.70 ± 18.49^a	289.67 ± 22.93^a	358.00 ± 38.19^a
SOC	2.96 ± 0.08^b	3.25 ± 0.50^ab	3.34 ± 0.17^ab	3.38 ± 0.24^ab	3.70 ± 0.12^a
TN	0.48 ± 0.00^a	0.49 ± 0.01^a	0.48 ± 0.01^a	0.43 ± 0.02^b	0.43 ± 0.01^b
TP	0.34 ± 0.00^a	0.29 ± 0.00^b	0.27 ± 0.01^c	0.28 ± 0.00^bc	0.27 ± 0.00^c
NO₃^--N	5.50 ± 0.41^a	5.08 ± 0.76^ab	3.28 ± 0.05^b	5.19 ± 0.91^a	5.81 ± 0.42^a
NH₄⁺-N	2.91 ± 0.23^a	3.59 ± 0.68^a	5.44 ± 1.12^a	5.71 ± 1.84^a	5.31 ± 3.34^a
AP	1.56 ± 0.13^a	1.62 ± 0.51^a	1.72 ± 0.28^a	2.14 ± 0.30^a	2.47 ± 0.68^a
SA	318.41 ± 33.75^c	359.39 ± 41.44^bc	381.78 ± 33.90^abc	434.93 ± 36.46^ab	474.67 ± 30.07^a
UA	27.85 ± 3.86^b	30.68 ± 0.67^b	30.95 ± 1.96^b	45.34 ± 4.52^a	45.70 ± 4.82^a
PA	44.58 ± 0.32^bc	40.89 ± 3.01^c	43.88 ± 2.97^bc	49.02 ± 2.42^ab	55.60 ± 1.35^a
MBC	99.05 ± 9.57^ab	77.05 ± 20.59^ab	46.68 ± 14.32^b	100.24 ± 27.02^ab	108.73 ± 8.91^a
MBN	48.97 ± 2.28^a	5.90 ± 0.80^a	7.45 ± 1.74^a	15.10 ± 7.95^a	19.91 ± 8.67^a
MBP	1.76 ± 0.73^b	3.56 ± 0.40^a	1.76 ± 0.76^b	1.14 ± 0.34^b	2.00 ± 0.34^ab
R	5.00 ± 0.58^b	6.67 ± 0.88^ab	6.00 ± 1.00^ab	8.67 ± 1.20^a	8.67 ± 0.88^a
H'	1.13 ± 0.14^c	1.31 ± 0.07^bc	1.49 ± 0.10^ab	1.43 ± 0.02^ab	1.66 ± 0.08^a
E	0.70 ± 0.03^b	0.70 ± 0.06^b	0.86 ± 0.04^a	0.67 ± 0.04^b	0.77 ± 0.00^ab
D	0.43 ± 0.06^a	0.37 ± 0.05^ab	0.27 ± 0.02^bc	0.36 ± 0.04^abc	0.24 ± 0.02^c

图5 整个生长季荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率(SR)与土壤温度(T)和含水量(W)的拟合关系。

Fig. 5 Fitting relationships of soil respiration rate (SR) with soil temperature (T) and water content (W) across the whole growing season in a desert steppe.

图6 环境因子组合对荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率的方差分解。小于0的数值未显示。单个圆圈内数字代表该环境因子组合能解释的方差。圆圈重合部分内数字代表几个环境因子组合共同解释的方差。X1组包括土壤温度、含水量、pH、有机碳、硝态氮和铵态氮含量。X2组包括土壤蔗糖酶活性和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量。X3组包括Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数。

Fig. 6 Variation partitioning of soil respiration rate by environmental factor groups in a desert steppe. Values < 0 are not shown. Data in one circle represent the variation individually explained by the environmental factor groups. Data in the overlapped part of circles represent the variation jointly explained by environmental factor groups. X1 group includes soil temperature, water content, pH, organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen content. X2 group includes soil sucrase activity and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus content. X3 group includes Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index.

图7 降水量变化下荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率与环境因子的结构方程模型。CP, 降水量; PB, 植物生物量; R, Patrick丰富度指数; SBP, 土壤生物学性质(蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、磷酸酶活性、微生物生物量碳含量); SCP, 土壤化学性质(pH、电导率、有机碳、速效磷含量); SPP, 土壤物理性质(含水量和温度); SR, 土壤呼吸速率。黑色实线和虚线分别表示显著(p < 0.05)和不显著(p > 0.05)路径。箭头上数字为标准化的路径系数(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。模型拟合总结: χ2 ?= 5.709, p = 0.457, df = 6; 拟合优度指数(GFI) = 0.998; 标准化残差均方根(RMSEA) = 0.000; 相对配适指数(SRMR) = 0.035。

Fig. 7 Structural equation model of soil respiration rate and environmental factors under changing precipitation regimes in a desert steppe. CP, precipitation; PB, plant biomass; R, Patrick richness index; SBP, soil biological properties (sucrase activity, urease activity, phosphatase activity, microbial biomass carbon content); SCP, soil chemical property (pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available phosphorus content); SPP, soil physical property (water content and temperature); SR, soil respiration rate. Black solid and dashed arrows indicate significant (p < 0.05) and insignificant (p > 0.05) path, respectively. Numbers on the arrows are normalized path coefficients (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). Model fit summary: χ2 = 5.709, p = 0.457, df = 6; comparative fit index (GFI) = 0.998; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.000; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.035.

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降水量变化下荒漠草原土壤呼吸及其影响因素

Soil respiration and its influencing factors in a desert steppe in northwestern China under changing precipitation regimes

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