基于茎流-蒸渗仪法的荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散特征

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2020.0104

植物生态学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (8): 807-818.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0104

基于茎流-蒸渗仪法的荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散特征

马龙龙, 杜灵通^*(), 丹杨, 王乐, 乔成龙, 吴宏玥

宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室, 银川 750021; 宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室, 银川 750021

收稿日期:2020-04-15 接受日期:2020-04-29 出版日期:2020-08-20 发布日期:2020-04-30
通讯作者: 杜灵通
作者简介:* dult80@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41967027);国家自然科学基金(41661003);宁夏优秀人才支持计划(RQ0012);中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养引进计划(XAB2017AW01);中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养引进计划(NXYLXK2017B06)

Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods

MA Long-Long, DU Ling-Tong^*(), DAN Yang, WANG Le, QIAO Cheng-Long, WU Hong-Yue

Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; and Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Received:2020-04-15 Accepted:2020-04-29 Online:2020-08-20 Published:2020-04-30
Contact: DU Ling-Tong
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41967027);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41661003);Ningxia Excellent Talents Support Program(RQ0012);“Light of West China” Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XAB2017AW01);Project of First-Class Discipline Construction (Ecology) for Ningxia Higher Education(NXYLXK2017B06)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d^-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d^-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。

关键词: 荒漠草原带, 人工灌丛, 蒸腾, 水循环, 中间锦鸡儿

Abstract:

Aims Caragana liouana has been widely planted in northwest China for ecological restoration which has induced the planted shrub landscape in the desert steppe zone and changed the structure and function of the original ecosystem. These plantations would affect the water vapor interactions between land surface and atmosphere eventually. Therefore, studying the evapotranspiration characteristics of the planted shrub communities in the desert steppe zone is significant for us to understand its ecohydrological mechanism and guide local ecological restoration.
Methods The transpiration of shrubs and the evapotranspiration under shrub canopy in the desert steppe zone in Yanchi County, Ningxia, were measured by a coupled method of sap flow sensors and lysimeter from May to August in 2018. The effects of environmental factors on the evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities were analyzed by path analysis.
Important findings (1) The evapotranspiration obtained by the coupled method of sap flow sensors and lysimeter was consistent with the estimations based on the water balance method and the eddy covariance method. Thus, the coupled method of sap flow and lysimeter can be used to measure the evapotranspiration and its components of the planted shrub communities in the desert steppe zone. (2) The diurnal variations of transpiration rate of shrubs and the evapotranspiration rate under shrub canopy were consistent with each other, and both presented an obvious single peak at noon. The evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities mainly occurred in day time. However, the time of the maximum transpiration rate of shrubs was 1 h later than that of the maximum evapotranspiration rate under shrub canopy. (3) The cumulative transpiration of shrubs was 83.6 mm, the daily average transpiration was 0.7 mm·d^-1, and the series curve of daily transpiration had a parabolic shape from May to August. The cumulative evapotranspiration under shrub canopy was 182.5 mm, and the daily average evapotranspiration was 1.5 mm·d^-1 during the same period. The evapotranspiration under shrub canopy was higher than the transpiration of shrubs. It can be concluded that the water consumption in the planted shrub communities is mainly caused by evapotranspiration under shrub canopy. (4) The total evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities from May to August was 266.1 mm, and the total precipitation in the same period was 222.6 mm. Therefore, the water balance in the planted shrub communities was in deficit. (5) Net radiation is the most important and direct driving factor that affected evapotranspiration of the planted shrub communities, and it coupled other environmental factors to drive the process of evapotranspiration. Therefore, the water deficit in the planted shrub communities encroaching desert steppe zone should be paid attention in ecological restoration and reconstruction.

Key words: desert steppe zone, planted shrubs community, transpiration, water cycle, Caragana liouana

马龙龙, 杜灵通, 丹杨, 王乐, 乔成龙, 吴宏玥. 基于茎流-蒸渗仪法的荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散特征. 植物生态学报, 2020, 44(8): 807-818. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0104

MA Long-Long, DU Ling-Tong, DAN Yang, WANG Le, QIAO Cheng-Long, WU Hong-Yue. Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2020, 44(8): 807-818. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0104

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2020.0104

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2020/V44/I8/807

图/表 8

图1 人工灌丛群落蒸散观测示意图。

Fig. 1 Evapotranspiration of a planted shrub community and its measurement

表1 茎流传感器探头型号及对应茎枝参数

Table 1 Stem flow sensor types and corresponding parameters of measured stem

植物类型 Plant type	茎枝编号 Stem number	探头型号 Sensor model	枝径 Diameter of stem (cm)	茎枝截面积 Horizontal area (cm²)
中间锦鸡儿 Caragana liouana	枝-1 Stem-1	SGA5-WS	0.502	0.198
	枝-2 Stem-2	SGA5-WS	0.521	0.213
	枝-3 Stem-3	SGB9-WS	1.124	0.990
	枝-4 Stem-4	SGB9-WS	1.010	0.801
	枝-5 Stem-5	SGB16-WS	1.680	2.217
	枝-6 Stem-6	SGB16-WS	1.640	2.112

表2 茎流-蒸渗仪法和水量平衡法测定的人工灌丛群落5-8月蒸散总量对比

Table 2 Comparison of total evapotranspiration of a planted shrub communities measured by sap flow-lysimeter method and by water balance method from May to August

茎流-蒸渗仪 Sap flow-lysimeter method (mm)			水量平衡法 Water balance method (mm)			绝对误差 Absolute error (mm)	相对误差 Relative error (%)
丛下蒸散 ET under shrub canopy	灌木蒸腾 Transpiration of shrub	群落蒸散 Total ET of community	降水 Precipitation	土壤含水量变化 ?W	群落蒸散 Total ET of community	绝对误差 Absolute error (mm)	相对误差 Relative error (%)
182.5	83.6	266.1	222.6	75.6	298.2	32.1	10.8

图2 茎流-微型蒸渗仪法与涡度相关法所测日蒸散对比。

Fig. 2 Comparison of daily evapotranspiration measured by sap flow-lysimeter method and eddy covariance method.

图3 灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散的日内变化。

Fig. 3 Diurnal transpiration of shrubs and evapotranspiration under shrub canopy.

图4 灌木蒸腾、丛下蒸散与同期降水量、土壤含水量的季节动态。

Fig. 4 Seasonal variation of transpiration of shrubs, evapotranspiration under shrub canopy, precipitation and soil water content.

图5 观测期蒸散耗水和水分收支。

Fig. 5 Evapotranspiration and water budget of the planted shrub communities in the observation period. ET, evapotranspiration; T, transpiration.

表3 蒸散与环境因子的通径分析

Table 3 Path analysis among evapotranspiration and environmental factors

	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数(间接作用) Indirect path coefficient (Indirect effect)
	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	总和 Total	净辐射 Net radiation	风速 Wind speed	土壤含水量 Soil water content	空气相对湿度 Air relative humidity	气温 Air temperature
净辐射 Net radiation	0.619	0.081	-	-0.003	0.071	-0.068	0.081
风速 Wind speed	-0.253	-0.077	0.006	-	-0.063	-0.020	0.000
土壤含水量 Soil water content	0.312	0.145	0.141	0.051	-	0.004	-0.051
空气相对湿度 Air relative humidity	0.188	-0.217	-0.225	0.027	0.007	-	-0.026
气温 Air temperature	0.163	0.180	0.306	0.001	-0.097	-0.030	-

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基于茎流-蒸渗仪法的荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散特征

Characteristics of evapotranspiration in planted shrub communities in desert steppe zone based on sap flow and lysimeter methods

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