长期降水量变化下荒漠草原植物生物量、多样性的变化及其影响因素

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0211

植物生态学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (4): 479-490.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0211

长期降水量变化下荒漠草原植物生物量、多样性的变化及其影响因素

王晓悦¹, 许艺馨², 李春环², 余海龙², 黄菊莹¹^,^*()

1.西北土地退化与生态恢复国家重点实验室培育基地, 西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室, 宁夏大学生态环境学院, 银川 750021
2.宁夏大学地理科学与规划学院, 银川 750021

收稿日期:2022-05-23 接受日期:2022-08-06 出版日期:2023-04-20 发布日期:2022-08-06
通讯作者: *ORCID:黄菊莹: 0000-0002-1351-7282 (juyinghuang@163.com)
基金资助:
宁夏自然科学基金(2022AAC02012);国家自然科学基金(32160277);中国科学院“西部青年学者”项目(XAB2019AW03)

Changes of plant biomass, species diversity, and their influencing factors in a desert steppe of northwestern China under long-term changing precipitation

WANG Xiao-Yue¹, XU Yi-Xin², LI Chun-Huan², YU Hai-Long², HUANG Ju-Ying¹^,^*()

1. Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China, Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2. School of Geography and Planning, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Received:2022-05-23 Accepted:2022-08-06 Online:2023-04-20 Published:2022-08-06
Contact: *(juyinghuang@163.com)
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2022AAC02012);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160277);Chinese Academy of Sciences “Young Western Scholars”(XAB2019AW03)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物多样性是植物群落维持生态系统稳定的基础。虽然荒漠草原植被稀少, 但其在防风固沙等方面仍发挥着不可替代的生态服务功能, 然而对荒漠植物多样性如何响应长期极端降水量变化尚缺乏深入理解。该研究依托2014年在宁夏荒漠草原设立的降水量变化(减少50%、减少30%、自然、增加30%和增加50%)的野外实验样地, 研究了2020年5-10月植物生物量和物种多样性的变化特征, 分析了二者与土壤性质的关系。随着生长季推移, 植物群落生物量、Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈先增加后降低的时间动态, Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数无明显的变化规律。与自然降水量相比, 降水量减少对植物生物量和多样性影响较小, 尤其是降水量减少30%的处理下; 多数情况下, 降水量增加刺激了苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)、白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum)等物种生长, 提高了植物生物量, 但亦未明显改变植物多样性(尤其是降水量增加30%的处理下)。对植物生物量影响显著的土壤因子包括脲酶活性、温度、含水量、pH、磷酸酶活性和蔗糖酶活性, 对植物多样性影响显著的土壤因子包括含水量、电导率和脲酶活性。该研究结果意味着, 连续7年降水量变化下, 研究区植物对适度甚至极端干旱有强的适应性; 降水量适度增加提高了土壤水分有效性, 增强了离子移动性, 刺激了酶活性, 促进了植物生长。然而, 降水量持续增加导致植物生物量增加, 植物耗水增大, 使得生长季后期土壤水分不足, 导致部分植物提前完成生命周期。

关键词: 降水格局改变, 干旱半干旱区, 生态系统结构, 生态系统功能, 土壤环境

Abstract:

Aims Plant diversity is the basis for plant communities to maintain ecosystem stability. Despite the scarcity of vegetation, desert steppes play an irreplaceable ecological service function in terms of wind-break and sand- fixation, etc. However, how plant diversity in desert steppes responds to long-term extreme precipitation changes still remains poorly understood.

Methods Based on a long-term field experiment involving five precipitation treatments (50% reduction, 30% reduction, natural, 30% increase, and 50% increase) conducted in a desert steppe in Ningxia since 2014, the changing characteristics of plant biomass, species diversity and their relationships with soil properties were studied from May to October in 2020.

Important findings During the growing season, plant community biomass, Patrick richness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index tended to increase first and then decrease, whereas no obvious regularities in Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index. Compared with the natural precipitation, the decreased precipitation had less effect on plant biomass and diversity, especially the 30% reduction in precipitation. In most cases, the increased precipitation stimulated the growth of Sophora alopecuroides, Stipa brevifloraand Pennisetum centrasiaticum,and thus increasing plant biomass. However, it did not significantly change plant diversity when precipitation increased, especially the 30% increase of precipitation. Plant biomass was significantly affected by soil urease activity, temperature, water content, pH, phosphatase activity and sucrase activity, while plant diversity was significantly affected by soil water content, electrical conductivity, and urease activity. In general, the results indicated that plants have high adaptability to moderate or even extreme drought in the research area under seven consecutive years of changing precipitation; moderately increasing precipitation increased soil water availability, enhanced exchangeable ion mobility, and stimulated enzyme activity, thereby promoting plant growth. However, the continuous increase of precipitation leaded to the increase of plant biomass and plant water consumption, resulting in the lack of soil water in the late growth season and then the early completion of the life cycle of some plants.

Key words: changing precipitation pattern, arid and semi-arid region, ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, soil environment

王晓悦, 许艺馨, 李春环, 余海龙, 黄菊莹. 长期降水量变化下荒漠草原植物生物量、多样性的变化及其影响因素. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(4): 479-490. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0211

WANG Xiao-Yue, XU Yi-Xin, LI Chun-Huan, YU Hai-Long, HUANG Ju-Ying. Changes of plant biomass, species diversity, and their influencing factors in a desert steppe of northwestern China under long-term changing precipitation. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2023, 47(4): 479-490. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0211

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0211

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2023/V47/I4/479

图/表 10

图1 2014-2020年与2020年研究区月降水量、平均风速和气温。气象数据来源于中国气象数据网(https://data.cma.cn/), 气象站点为盐池站点(52723)。

Fig. 1 Monthly average precipitation, wind speed and air temperature in the research area from 2014 to 2020 and in 2020. Meteorological data are from China Meteorological Data Network (https://data.cma.cn/), the weather station is Yanchi station (52723).

表1 降水量变化对荒漠草原植物群落生物量的两因素方差分析

Table 1 Two-way ANOVA of plant community biomass in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

变异来源 Sources of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	F
降水量 Precipitation (α)	4	38.988^**
月份 Month (β)	5	5.608^**
降水量×月份 Interaction of α and β	20	0.951

图2 降水量变化对荒漠草原5-10月份植物群落生物量的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 3)。不同小写字母表示相同月份下植物群落生物量在降水量处理间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。W1, 降水量减少50%; W2, 降水量减少30%; W3, 自然降水量; W4, 降水量增加30%; W5, 降水量增加50%。

Fig. 2 Effects of long-term changing precipitation on plant community biomass from May to October in the studied desert steppe (mean ± SE, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant community biomass between the precipitation treatments under the same month (p < 0.05). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation.

图3 降水量变化对荒漠草原7月份植物种群生物量的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 3)。不同小写字母表示植物种群生物量在降水量处理间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。W1, 降水量减少50%; W2, 降水量减少30%; W3, 自然降水量; W4, 降水量增加30%; W5, 降水量增加50%。

Fig. 3 Effects of long-term changing precipitation on plant population biomass in July in the studied desert steppe (mean ± SE, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant population biomass between the precipitation treatments (p < 0.05). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation.

表2 降水量变化对荒漠草原植物多样性的两因素方差分析

Table 2 Two-way ANOVA of plant diversity in a desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

变异来源 Sources of variation	自由度 Degree of freedom	F (R)	F (H′)	F (D)	F (E)
降水量 Precipitation (α)	4	2.705^*	1.617	1.810	2.807^*
月份 Month (β)	5	5.700^**	18.841^**	1.888	22.071^**
降水量×月份 Interaction of α and β	20	0.532	0.632	0.714	0.918

图4 降水量变化对荒漠草原5-10月份植物多样性的影响(平均值±标准误, n = 3)。不同小写字母表示相同月份下植物多样性在降水量处理间的差异显著(p < 0.05)。W1, 降水量减少50%; W2, 降水量减少30%; W3, 自然降水量; W4, 降水量增加30%; W5, 降水量增加50%。

Fig. 4 Effects of long-term changing precipitation on plant diversity from May to October in the studied desert steppe (mean ± SE, n = 3). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant diversity between the precipitation treatments under the same month (p < 0.05). W1, 50% reduction in precipitation; W2, 30% reduction in precipitation; W3, natural precipitation; W4, 30% increase in precipitation; W5, 50% increase in precipitation.

图5 降水量变化下荒漠草原植物生物量与土壤因子的冗余分析。 Am, 草木樨状黄耆种群生物量; As, 猪毛蒿种群生物量; Ha, 阿尔泰狗娃花种群生物量; Lp, 牛枝子种群生物量; Pc, 白草种群生物量; PCB, 植物群落生物量。AP, 速效磷含量; C:Ps, 土壤碳含量:磷含量; MBP, 微生物生物量磷含量; NH4+-N, 铵态氮含量; NO3?-N, 硝态氮含量; PA, 磷酸酶活性; SA, 蔗糖酶活性; T, 温度; TN, 全氮含量; UA, 脲酶活性; WC, 含水量。

Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis of plant biomass and soil factor in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation. Am, Astragalus melilotoides population biomass; As, Artemisia scoparia population biomass; Ha, Heteropappus altaicus population biomass; Lp, Lespedeza potaninii population biomass; Pc, Pennisetum centrasiaticum population biomass; PCB, plant community biomass. AP, available phosphorus content; C:Ps, soil carbon content: phosphorus content; MBP, microbial biomass phosphorus content; NH4+-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO3?-N, nitrate nitrogen content; PA, phosphatase activity; SA, sucrase activity; T, temperature; TN, total nitrogen content; UA, urease activity; WC, water content.

表3 降水量变化下荒漠草原植物生物量与土壤因子冗余分析中各土壤因子的条件效应

Table 3 Conditional effects of soil factors in redundancy analysis of plant biomass with soil factors in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

指标 Index	UA	T	WC	pH	PA	SA	C:P_s	AP	NH+ 4-N	MBP	TN	NO^-₃-N
F	10.1	6.9	6.9	4.7	4.1	3.0	2.7	1.4	1.2	1.0	0.9	0.7
p	0.002	0.004	0.006	0.006	0.014	0.048	0.076	0.264	0.270	0.368	0.444	0.518

图6 降水量变化下荒漠草原植物多样性与土壤因子的冗余分析。 D, Simpson优势度指数; H′, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数; R, Patrick丰富度指数; E, Pielou均匀度指数。AP, 速效磷含量; C:Nm, 微生物生物量碳含量:氮含量; EC, 电导率; MBP, 微生物生物量磷含量; NH+4-N, 铵态氮含量; NO-3-N, 硝态氮含量; N:Pm, 微生物生物量氮含量:磷含量; SA, 蔗糖酶活性; T, 温度; UA, 脲酶活性; WC, 含水量。

Fig. 6 Redundancy analysis of plant diversity and soil factors in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation. D, Simpson dominance index; H′, Shannon-Wiener diversity index; R, Patrick richness index; E, Pielou evenness index. AP, available phosphorus content; C:Nm, microbial biomass carbon content:nitrogen content; EC, electrical conductivity; MBP, microbial biomass phosphorus content; NH+4-N, ammonium nitrogen content; NO-3-N, nitrate nitrogen content; N:Pm, microbial biomass nitrogen content: phosphorus content; SA, sucrase activity; T, temperature; UA, urease activity; WC, water content.

表4 降水量变化下荒漠草原植物多样性与土壤因子的冗余分析中各土壤因子的条件效应

Table 4 Conditional effects of soil factors in redundancy analysis of plant diversity and soil factors in the studied desert steppe under long-term changing precipitation

指标 Index	WC	EC	UA	T	NH₄⁺-N	pH	MBP	NO₃^?-N	AP	C:N_m	SA	N:P_m
F	8.0	6.7	6.0	3.8	3.7	3.7	1.7	1.5	1.5	0.4	0.4	0.3
p	0.008	0.028	0.028	0.058	0.068	0.086	0.212	0.248	0.252	0.548	0.562	0.578

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长期降水量变化下荒漠草原植物生物量、多样性的变化及其影响因素

Changes of plant biomass, species diversity, and their influencing factors in a desert steppe of northwestern China under long-term changing precipitation

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