种间互作网络的结构、生态系统功能及稳定性机制研究

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2019.0159

植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (10): 1049-1063.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0159

所属专题：生态系统结构与功能

种间互作网络的结构、生态系统功能及稳定性机制研究

李海东¹^,², 吴新卫³, 肖治术¹^,²^,^*()

¹中国科学院动物研究所农业虫害鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室, 北京 100101
²中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
³南京大学生命科学学院, 南京 210023

收稿日期:2019-06-25 接受日期:2019-10-04 出版日期:2021-10-20 发布日期:2020-11-30
通讯作者: 肖治术
作者简介:*(xiaozs@ioz.ac.cn)
ORCID:
李海东: 0000-0002-0789-7346
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31770565);国家自然科学基金(31971441);河南南太行山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点工程和2019年中央林业改革发展资金

Assembly, ecosystem functions, and stability in species interaction networks

LI Hai-Dong¹^,², WU Xin-Wei³, XIAO Zhi-Shu¹^,²^,^*()

¹State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

Received:2019-06-25 Accepted:2019-10-04 Online:2021-10-20 Published:2020-11-30
Contact: XIAO Zhi-Shu
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770565);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971441);Shanshuilintianhucao Ecological Restoration Pre-Project of Henan, and Central Forestry Reform and Development Fund(2019)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态群落中不同物种间发生多样化的相互作用, 形成了复杂的种间互作网络。复杂生态网络的结构如何影响群落的生态系统功能及稳定性是群落生态学的核心问题之一。种间互作直接影响到物质和能量在生态系统不同组分之间的流动和循环以及群落构建过程, 使得网络结构与生态系统功能和群落稳定性密切相关。在群落及生态系统水平上开展种间互作网络研究将为群落的构建机制、生物多样性维持、生态系统稳定性、物种协同进化和性状分化等领域提供新的视野。当前生物多样性及生态系统功能受到全球变化的极大影响, 研究种间互作网络的拓扑结构、构建机制、稳定性和生态功能也可为生物多样性的保护和管理提供依据。该文从网络结构、构建机制、网络结构和稳定性关系、种间互作对生态系统功能的影响等4个方面综述当前种间网络研究进展, 并提出在今后的研究中利用机器学习和多层网络等来探究环境变化对种间互作网络结构和功能的影响, 并实现理论和实证研究的有效整合。

关键词: 种间互作, 食物网, 二分网络, 生态系统功能, 稳定性

Abstract:

Varied species interactions form complex species interaction networks in diverse ecological communities. Understanding how the network structure affects ecosystem functions and community stability is one major issue for community ecology. Species interactions can directly affect the flow and circulation of matter and energy among different components of ecosystems. As a result, the network structure is closely related to the structure, stability, and functioning of ecological communities. Prior studies on interaction networks have shed light on community assembly, biodiversity maintenance, ecosystem stability, coevolution and trait diversification. Currently, biodiversity and ecosystem functions have been largely affected by global environmental changes. The interaction networks and their relationship with biodiversity loss in a changing world have become important research topics. Exploring the structure and assembly of species interaction networks, stability, and ecosystem functions is significant for understanding the maintenance mechanism and biodiversity conservation. Here, we reviewed the research advances in the structure of ecological networks and their determinants, network stability, the relationship between network and ecosystem functions, and the mechanisms underlying these relationships. We also suggest future research directions on how to apply machine learning and multilayer network to disentangle the effects of environmental change on network structure and ecosystem functions by integrated theoretical and empirical studies.

Key words: species interaction, food web, bipartite network, ecosystem function, stability

李海东, 吴新卫, 肖治术. 种间互作网络的结构、生态系统功能及稳定性机制研究. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(10): 1049-1063. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0159

LI Hai-Dong, WU Xin-Wei, XIAO Zhi-Shu. Assembly, ecosystem functions, and stability in species interaction networks. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(10): 1049-1063. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2019.0159

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2019.0159

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2021/V45/I10/1049

图/表 4

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水平 Level	结构指数和解释 Structure indices and explanation
物种水平 Species level	物种连接数 Species degree	网络中某物种与其他营养级物种发生联系的数量 The number of interacting partners
	物种强度 Species strength	指某一个动物或植物物种对植物或动物物种的依赖度或所受作用强度的总和。 The sum of dependences or interaction strengths of the animals on a specific plant species, or the sum of dependences of the plants on a specific animal species.
	嵌套等级 Nested rank	指在一个网络嵌套矩阵中所处的等级; 数值越低, 表示该物种更为泛化, 反之亦然。 Which is measured as the position in the nestedness matrix. A generalist will interact with more species and thus have a rank closer to 1, while specialists will have ranks with higher values.
	特化指数 Specialization index	用来衡量物种的特化程度的指数(0-1) Assesses the specialization of a species (ranging from 0 to 1)
	连接多样性 Partner diversity	某一物种的连接伙伴的Shannon多样性, 用于衡量物种的泛化程度。 Shannon diversity of the interacting partners of each species, which indicating generalization of a species.
网络水平 Network level	连接度 Connectance	网络中实际连接数与潜在连接数的比值 The proportion of potential links that are actually realized
	物种平均连接数 Links per species	网络中连接数与物种丰富度的比值 The average links per species
	嵌套性 Nestedness	在嵌套的互作网络中, 与特化物种相互作用的物种是与泛化物种相互作用的物种的子集。 A pattern of interaction in which specialists interact with species that form perfect subsets of the species with which generalists interact.
	模块性 Modularity	互作网络中一些物种通过连接会构成模块, 模块内部的物种间连接相对紧密, 而与模块外的物种连接较为松散。 A pattern which occurs when the species form cohesive subgroups (modules), such that species within a module interact more among themselves than with those of other modules.
	互作强度的非对称性 Interaction strength asymmetry	网络中发生互作关系的物种之间受影响程度的差异性 $ISA(i,j)=\ \|d_{ij}^{P}-d_{ji}^{A}\|/\max (d_{ij}^{P},d_{ji}^{A})$ 式中, $d_{ij}^{P}$和$d_{ji}^{A}$分别表示植物i对动物j的依赖程度和动物j对植物i的依赖性。 Explaining dependence asymmetry across both trophic levels. $ISA(i,j)=\ \|d_{ij}^{P}-d_{ji}^{A}\|/\max (d_{ij}^{P},d_{ji}^{A})$ $d_{ij}^{P}$and $d_{ji}^{A}$ represent plant i dependency on animal j and animal j dependency on plant i, respectively.

水平 Level	结构指数和解释 Structure indices and explanation
物种水平 Species level	物种连接数 Species degree	网络中某物种与其他营养级物种发生联系的数量 The number of interacting partners
	物种强度 Species strength	指某一个动物或植物物种对植物或动物物种的依赖度或所受作用强度的总和。 The sum of dependences or interaction strengths of the animals on a specific plant species, or the sum of dependences of the plants on a specific animal species.
	嵌套等级 Nested rank	指在一个网络嵌套矩阵中所处的等级; 数值越低, 表示该物种更为泛化, 反之亦然。 Which is measured as the position in the nestedness matrix. A generalist will interact with more species and thus have a rank closer to 1, while specialists will have ranks with higher values.
	特化指数 Specialization index	用来衡量物种的特化程度的指数(0-1) Assesses the specialization of a species (ranging from 0 to 1)
	连接多样性 Partner diversity	某一物种的连接伙伴的Shannon多样性, 用于衡量物种的泛化程度。 Shannon diversity of the interacting partners of each species, which indicating generalization of a species.
网络水平 Network level	连接度 Connectance	网络中实际连接数与潜在连接数的比值 The proportion of potential links that are actually realized
	物种平均连接数 Links per species	网络中连接数与物种丰富度的比值 The average links per species
	嵌套性 Nestedness	在嵌套的互作网络中, 与特化物种相互作用的物种是与泛化物种相互作用的物种的子集。 A pattern of interaction in which specialists interact with species that form perfect subsets of the species with which generalists interact.
	模块性 Modularity	互作网络中一些物种通过连接会构成模块, 模块内部的物种间连接相对紧密, 而与模块外的物种连接较为松散。 A pattern which occurs when the species form cohesive subgroups (modules), such that species within a module interact more among themselves than with those of other modules.
	互作强度的非对称性 Interaction strength asymmetry	网络中发生互作关系的物种之间受影响程度的差异性 $ISA(i,j)=\ \|d_{ij}^{P}-d_{ji}^{A}\|/\max (d_{ij}^{P},d_{ji}^{A})$ 式中, $d_{ij}^{P}$和$d_{ji}^{A}$分别表示植物i对动物j的依赖程度和动物j对植物i的依赖性。 Explaining dependence asymmetry across both trophic levels. $ISA(i,j)=\ \|d_{ij}^{P}-d_{ji}^{A}\|/\max (d_{ij}^{P},d_{ji}^{A})$ $d_{ij}^{P}$and $d_{ji}^{A}$ represent plant i dependency on animal j and animal j dependency on plant i, respectively.

假说 Hypothesis	解释 Explanation
中性假说 Neutral hypothesis	群落中个体之间的互作是随机的, 因此多度越高的物种与其他物种发生互作的概率越高 Which assumes that individuals interact randomly, thus network interaction patterns are mainly dependent on species abundances; that is, abundant species interact more frequently and with more species than rare species
限制性连接假说 Forbidden links hypothesis	物种间互作的发生受限于物种间的时空分布, 以及物种特征的耦合度 Pairwise interactions that are impossible to occur owing to temporal-spatial or species traits mismatch
亲缘关系假说 Phylogenetic-related hypothesis	亲缘关系近的物种在互作网络中扮演相似的角色 Tendency of phylogenetically similar species to have similar roles in interaction network

假说 Hypothesis	解释 Explanation
中性假说 Neutral hypothesis	群落中个体之间的互作是随机的, 因此多度越高的物种与其他物种发生互作的概率越高 Which assumes that individuals interact randomly, thus network interaction patterns are mainly dependent on species abundances; that is, abundant species interact more frequently and with more species than rare species
限制性连接假说 Forbidden links hypothesis	物种间互作的发生受限于物种间的时空分布, 以及物种特征的耦合度 Pairwise interactions that are impossible to occur owing to temporal-spatial or species traits mismatch
亲缘关系假说 Phylogenetic-related hypothesis	亲缘关系近的物种在互作网络中扮演相似的角色 Tendency of phylogenetically similar species to have similar roles in interaction network

概念 Concept	解释 Explanation
复杂性 Complexity	用于描述群落和网络的复杂程度, 通常用网络的连接度来表征 Describing the extent of complex a community (network), which measured as connectance
抵抗力 Residence	群落和互作网络免受外界干扰而保持原状的能力 The system return to its ecological regime after a perturbation in the state of the system
恢复力 Resilience	群落受到外界干扰后回到原来状态的能力 Return time to ecological regime after a perturbation
持久性 Persistence	物种在动态网络中持续存在的能力 Proportion of coexisting species at dynamic ecological network
次生灭绝 Second extinction	群落中某些物种的灭绝导致其他物种随之灭绝的情形 Loss of additional species after the extinction of one target species
稳健性 Robustness	生态群落或种间互作网络对物种的丧失导致次生灭绝的容忍度, 用灭绝曲线下的面积表示 Resistance of a community (network) against additional extinction after species elimination, measured as the area below the extinction curve

种间互作网络的结构、生态系统功能及稳定性机制研究

Assembly, ecosystem functions, and stability in species interaction networks

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