植物生态学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (10): 1036-1048.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0001
所属专题： 生态系统结构与功能
钟志伟1,2, 李晓菲3, 王德利1,2,*(
)
收稿日期:2020-01-02
接受日期:2020-04-22
出版日期:2021-10-20
发布日期:2020-06-12
通讯作者:
王德利
作者简介:(wangd@nenu.edu.cn)基金资助:
ZHONG Zhi-Wei1,2, LI Xiao-Fei3, WANG De-Li1,2,*()
Received:2020-01-02
Accepted:2020-04-22
Online:2021-10-20
Published:2020-06-12
Contact:
WANG De-Li
Supported by:摘要：
植物光合作用固定下来的能量沿食物链首先流向相邻营养级的植食性动物。植物-植食性动物相互关系是自然界中最普遍、最重要的一种种间关系, 是食物网理论的基础与核心。该文从植食性动物对植物个体、种群和群落特征的影响, 以及植物在个体、种群和群落3个水平上对植食性动物的防御机制与策略两方面, 综述了当前植物-植食性动物相互关系的研究进展。植食性动物的采食, 可以显著改变植物个体或种群的生长、繁殖和存活率, 植物种群的变化则进一步反馈于植物群落组成和多样性特征。相应地, 植物在个体、种群和群落水平形成了一系列的防御机制, 其中在个体和种群水平以化学与物理防御为主, 而群落水平则是通过影响动物的行为或天敌而实现的。该文对相关领域的重要假说和理论进行了介绍、比较。最后, 该文提出了植物-植食性动物相互关系研究的未来发展趋势。随着全球变化和人类活动对自然系统干扰的加剧, 在不同的时空尺度上探索这些干扰如何影响动植物关系, 以及这些影响如何反馈于生态系统的结构、功能和稳定性, 不但有重要的理论意义, 也将为未来制定合理的生态系统管理政策提供实际支撑。
钟志伟, 李晓菲, 王德利. 植物-植食性动物相互关系研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(10): 1036-1048. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0001
ZHONG Zhi-Wei, LI Xiao-Fei, WANG De-Li. Research progresses of plant-herbivore interactions. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2021, 45(10): 1036-1048. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2020.0001
| 假说 Hypothesis | 解释 Explanation | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 最佳防御假说 Optimal defense hypothesis | 这一假说阐明了植物的防御需求如何驱动次生代谢产物的进化, 并通过付出防御成本使得植物的适合度达到最大化。该假说的核心思想是: 生物在进化与防御资源分配过程中, 会使得后代个体获得最大的适合度。 This hypothesis addresses how defensive needs of a plant contribute to the evolution of secondary metabolites, with costs of defense paid to maximize plant fitness. The basic hypothesis states that, “Organisms evolve and allocate defenses in a way that maximizes individual inclusive fitness”. | Feeny, Kooyers et al., |
| 生长速率假说 Growth rate hypothesis | 该假说探讨了环境中资源获得性、植物生长率与植物防御水平之间的关系。当环境资源供给低时, 植物常常具有较低的生长速率, 而防御水平则较高; 反之亦然。 It addresses genotypic variation in plant defenses, via resources shaping inherent growth rate and, subsequently, the constraints on defense against herbivores; among plant species, as maximal growth rate (at optimal resources) decreases, the constitutive level of defense increases. | Coley et al., Endara & Coley, |
| 碳-养分平衡假说 Carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis | 这是一个关于环境中碳和营养的供应如何影响植物防御表现型表达的模型。基本的假设是,如果植物获取的碳:营养比例控制了资源在不同植物功能之间的分配, 那么该植物与防御相关的表型表达将受到影响。 This is a model of how the supply of carbon and nutrients in the environment influence the phenotypic expression of defense by plants. Basically, the hypothesis is that if the carbon:nutrient ratio acquired by a plant controls allocation of resources to plant functions, then the phenotypic expression of that plant’s genetic potential for defenses will be affected. | Bryant et al., Tuomi et al., Hamilton et al., |
| 生长-分化平衡假说 Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis | 该假说提供了一个框架, 用于预测植物在一系列环境条件下如何把资源均衡分配给分化相关和生长相关的过程。在该假说中, 生长相关的过程是指根、茎和叶等器官的产生, 以及任何需要大量细胞分裂和伸长的过程; 分化则指的是与现有细胞结构或功能增强相关的过程。 It provides a framework for predicting how plants will balance allocation between differentiation- related processes and growth-related processes over a range of environmental conditions. Growth refers to the production of roots, stems, and leaves, or any process that requires substantial cell division and elongation. Differentiation refers to enhancement of the structure or function of existing cells. | Herms & Mattson, Barton & Koricheva, |
表1 植物个体或种群防御机制及假说
Table 1 Plant defense mechanisms at individual and population levels
| 假说 Hypothesis | 解释 Explanation | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 最佳防御假说 Optimal defense hypothesis | 这一假说阐明了植物的防御需求如何驱动次生代谢产物的进化, 并通过付出防御成本使得植物的适合度达到最大化。该假说的核心思想是: 生物在进化与防御资源分配过程中, 会使得后代个体获得最大的适合度。 This hypothesis addresses how defensive needs of a plant contribute to the evolution of secondary metabolites, with costs of defense paid to maximize plant fitness. The basic hypothesis states that, “Organisms evolve and allocate defenses in a way that maximizes individual inclusive fitness”. | Feeny, Kooyers et al., |
| 生长速率假说 Growth rate hypothesis | 该假说探讨了环境中资源获得性、植物生长率与植物防御水平之间的关系。当环境资源供给低时, 植物常常具有较低的生长速率, 而防御水平则较高; 反之亦然。 It addresses genotypic variation in plant defenses, via resources shaping inherent growth rate and, subsequently, the constraints on defense against herbivores; among plant species, as maximal growth rate (at optimal resources) decreases, the constitutive level of defense increases. | Coley et al., Endara & Coley, |
| 碳-养分平衡假说 Carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis | 这是一个关于环境中碳和营养的供应如何影响植物防御表现型表达的模型。基本的假设是,如果植物获取的碳:营养比例控制了资源在不同植物功能之间的分配, 那么该植物与防御相关的表型表达将受到影响。 This is a model of how the supply of carbon and nutrients in the environment influence the phenotypic expression of defense by plants. Basically, the hypothesis is that if the carbon:nutrient ratio acquired by a plant controls allocation of resources to plant functions, then the phenotypic expression of that plant’s genetic potential for defenses will be affected. | Bryant et al., Tuomi et al., Hamilton et al., |
| 生长-分化平衡假说 Growth-differentiation balance hypothesis | 该假说提供了一个框架, 用于预测植物在一系列环境条件下如何把资源均衡分配给分化相关和生长相关的过程。在该假说中, 生长相关的过程是指根、茎和叶等器官的产生, 以及任何需要大量细胞分裂和伸长的过程; 分化则指的是与现有细胞结构或功能增强相关的过程。 It provides a framework for predicting how plants will balance allocation between differentiation- related processes and growth-related processes over a range of environmental conditions. Growth refers to the production of roots, stems, and leaves, or any process that requires substantial cell division and elongation. Differentiation refers to enhancement of the structure or function of existing cells. | Herms & Mattson, Barton & Koricheva, |
| 假说 Hypothesis | 解释 Explanation | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 资源浓度假说 Resource concentration hypothesis | 植食性昆虫更倾向于在寄主植物密度相对较高的生境中聚集或爆发。因此, 较高的植物多样性通过稀释寄主植物的相对多度, 降低昆虫多度。 Herbivores frequently forage in a density-dependent manner, and therefore increasing plant species or genotype number while keeping plant density constant reduces the probability of finding a preferred host plant species (or genotype), ultimately leading to lower herbivore abundance and damage on individual plants. | Root, |
| 资源稀释假说 Resource dilution hypothesis | 与上述假说相反, 该假说认为较高的植物多样性稀释了寄主植物的相对密度, 使得更多的植食性动物集中在较少的植物个体中, 加剧了对植物个体的采食程度。 As the density of plant items (species or genotypes) decreases (i.e. dilution), herbivores concentrate on the few available items and thus cause more damage in species-rich than in species-poor communities. | Otway et al., Sholes, |
| 资源特化假说 Resource specialization hypothesis | 较高的植物多样性可以提供更多的资源种类和生态位, 从而支持了更高的植食性动物多样性。 Increased plant diversity provides a greater diversity of resources which favors an increase in consumer species richness due to an accumulation of consumers specializing on different resources. | Keddy, Hurlbert, |
| 资源数量假说 More individuals hypothesis | 较高的植物多样性通过提高植物生产力, 进而促进植食性动物的多度和多样性的上升。 High plant diversity increases plant productivity, such that an increase in the resource base positively influences consumer abundance, and that this in turn leads to an abundance-driven accumulation of consumer species. | Srivastava & Lawton, |
| 天敌假说 Enemies hypothesis | 较高的植物多样性通过更多的食物和生境资源而有利于天敌多样性和多度的增加, 后者的增加反过来降低了植食性动物的种群多度。 An indirect mechanism for plant diversity effects on herbivores as it holds that increasing plant diversity results in a greater availability of refuges and alternative resources, that this favors a greater abundance and diversity of predators and parasitoids, and that increased enemy recruitment ultimately leads to stronger enemy top-down effects on herbivore populations. | Elton, Russell, |
表2 植物多样性防御植食性昆虫的重要假说
Table 2 Ecological theories for the effects of plant diversity on herbivorous insects and the mechanisms underpinning such effects
| 假说 Hypothesis | 解释 Explanation | 文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 资源浓度假说 Resource concentration hypothesis | 植食性昆虫更倾向于在寄主植物密度相对较高的生境中聚集或爆发。因此, 较高的植物多样性通过稀释寄主植物的相对多度, 降低昆虫多度。 Herbivores frequently forage in a density-dependent manner, and therefore increasing plant species or genotype number while keeping plant density constant reduces the probability of finding a preferred host plant species (or genotype), ultimately leading to lower herbivore abundance and damage on individual plants. | Root, |
| 资源稀释假说 Resource dilution hypothesis | 与上述假说相反, 该假说认为较高的植物多样性稀释了寄主植物的相对密度, 使得更多的植食性动物集中在较少的植物个体中, 加剧了对植物个体的采食程度。 As the density of plant items (species or genotypes) decreases (i.e. dilution), herbivores concentrate on the few available items and thus cause more damage in species-rich than in species-poor communities. | Otway et al., Sholes, |
| 资源特化假说 Resource specialization hypothesis | 较高的植物多样性可以提供更多的资源种类和生态位, 从而支持了更高的植食性动物多样性。 Increased plant diversity provides a greater diversity of resources which favors an increase in consumer species richness due to an accumulation of consumers specializing on different resources. | Keddy, Hurlbert, |
| 资源数量假说 More individuals hypothesis | 较高的植物多样性通过提高植物生产力, 进而促进植食性动物的多度和多样性的上升。 High plant diversity increases plant productivity, such that an increase in the resource base positively influences consumer abundance, and that this in turn leads to an abundance-driven accumulation of consumer species. | Srivastava & Lawton, |
| 天敌假说 Enemies hypothesis | 较高的植物多样性通过更多的食物和生境资源而有利于天敌多样性和多度的增加, 后者的增加反过来降低了植食性动物的种群多度。 An indirect mechanism for plant diversity effects on herbivores as it holds that increasing plant diversity results in a greater availability of refuges and alternative resources, that this favors a greater abundance and diversity of predators and parasitoids, and that increased enemy recruitment ultimately leads to stronger enemy top-down effects on herbivore populations. | Elton, Russell, |
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