山东半岛潮上带沙草地的物种多度格局及其对人为干扰的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00055

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沿海岸线分布的潮上带沙滩是受风暴潮影响的独特生境, 蕴含着独特的植物群落与植物资源。很多沙滩已受到不同程度的人为干扰。人们尚未了解潮上带沙滩植物群落的构建方式, 也忽视了各种人为干扰对它的影响。该文以几何级数模型、分割线段模型、重叠生态位模型和中性理论模型, 剖析了山东半岛潮上带3处典型沙草地的物种多度格局, 同时研究了滩涂养殖和旅游践踏两种最重要的干扰方式对潮上带沙滩植物群落的影响。对于这3处植被, 中性理论模型的拟合效果最好, 其次是几何级数模型, 而分割线段模型和重叠生态位模型的拟合效果不够理想。旅游践踏和沙滩养殖使潮上带沙草地的植被盖度降低, 不利于珍稀特有植物的生存。在潮上带沙滩上很多植物具有不少相似的特征, 导致它们在个体水平上的空间替代有强烈的随机性, 服从群落中性理论。然而, 它们的性状毕竟存在或多或少的差异, 这些差异难免对各种植物的资源分配或竞争能力产生微弱的影响, 经过很多年的积累, 这种影响必然在群落水平上逐渐显现出来, 以至于用几何级数模型也可拟合物种的多度格局。作者建议应控制人为干扰对潮上带沙滩珍稀植物的不利影响。

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关键词: 人为干扰, 中性理论, 植物多样性, 多度格局, 风暴潮, 潮上带

Abstract:

AimsSupratidal zones of sandy coastlines are occasionally influenced by storm surges, and they contain distinctive plant communities and some unique species. Our objective was to solve the questions: 1) how sandy coast plants are grouped into plant communities and 2) how such anthropogenic disturbances as tourist trampling and pond fishery affect such communities.
Methods Three long sandy coasts were investigated for species composition and abundances, representing three typical states of human disturbances: nearly original state, tourist trampling and pond fishery. Each coast was investigated with 20 sampling lines of 50 m. Their species abundance patterns were compared and analyzed via four classic models of species abundance patterns: the neutral theoretical model, geometric series model, overlapping niche model and broken stick model.
Important findings The neutral theoretical and geometric series models fit the species abundance patterns of the coastal plant communities well, and the broken stick and overlapping niche models were not reliable. The disturbances could decrease vegetation cover and cause local extinction of some rare species. Some evidence suggests that plant species on sandy coasts are variable, thus that stochastic establishment of plant individuals may well play a major role in community assembling, as the neutral theory describes. However, these species have very small differences in their traits and resource capturing, and their integrative effects are supposed to take many years to accumulate for ultimately causing evident differences, which can be fitted via the geometric series model at times. Local governments ought to control anthropogenic disturbances, so as to conserve the rare plants.

Key words: human disturbance, neutral theory, plant diversity, species abundance pattern, storm surge, supratidal zone

张敏,潘艳霞,杨洪晓. 山东半岛潮上带沙草地的物种多度格局及其对人为干扰的响应. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37(6): 542-550. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00055

ZHANG Min,PAN Yan-Xia,YANG Hong-Xiao. Species abundance patterns of supratidal sandy grassland along China’s Shandong Peninsula and their responses to human disturbances. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2013, 37(6): 542-550. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00055

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00055

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2013/V37/I6/542

图/表 3

参考文献 29

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物种或裸地 Species or bare land	习性 Habit	生活型 Life form	高度 Height (cm)	寿命 Lifetime (a)	根型 Root form	根深 Root depth (cm)	近原生状态的物种频率 Species frequency in nearly original state (%)	池塘堤坝的物种频率 Species frequency on pond walls (%)	旅游践踏状态的物种频率 Species frequency under tourist trampling (%)
裸地 Bare land							11.60	18.40	39.10
沙钻薹草 Carex kobomugi	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	49.41	41.96	3.33
粗毛鸭嘴草 Ischaemum bartatum	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	31.09	1.27	1.96
肾叶打碗花 Calystegia soldanella	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	18.22	27.16	11.67
砂引草 Messerschmidia sibirica	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	13.17	2.16	7.25
拟漆姑 Spergularia marina	CP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	12.97
滨麦 Leymus mollis	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	5.84	23.33
矮生薹草 Carex pumila	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	3.47	6.47	13.73
沙滩黄芩 Scutellaria strigillosa	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	2.08
珊瑚菜 Glehnia littoralis	CP	G	<50	>2	T	>50	1.49
单叶蔓荆 Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia	CP	W	<50	>2	T	>50	0.89	7.94
沙苦荬菜 Chorisis repens	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	0.10	0.29	0.59
海滨香豌豆 Lathyrus maritimus	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50		1.47
月见草 Oenothera erythrosepala	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	2.77
独行菜 Lepidium apetalum	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	2.57
猪毛菜 Salsola collina	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	1.39	4.90	2.25
白茅 Imperata cylindrica	NTP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	0.99		2.94
小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50	0.99
兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica	NTP	W	<50	>2	T	<50	0.30
稗 Echinochloa crusgalli	NTP	G	>50	<2	F	<50	0.20	0.59	0.10
芦苇 Phragmites australis	NTP	G	>50	>2	F	<50	0.10		0.10
白茎盐生草 Halogeton arachnoideus	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	0.10
酸模 Rumex acetosa	NTP	G	>50	>2	T	<50	0.10
紫穗槐 Amorpha fruticosa	NTP	W	>50	>2	T	>50	0.10
狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon	NTP	G	<50	>2	F	<50		4.41	19.41
香附子 Cyperus rotundus	NTP	G	<50	>2	F	<50			13.04
西伯利亚蓼 Polygonum sibiricum	NTP	G	<50	>2	T	<50			2.16
盐生草 Halogeton glomeratus	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.69	1.37
盐地碱蓬 Suaeda salsa	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50			0.29
苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50			0.20
灰绿藜 Chenopodium glaucum	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50			0.20
酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50			0.20
紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa	NTP	G	>50	>2	T	<50			0.20
藜 Chenopodium album	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.10	0.10
巴天酸模 Rumex patientia	NTP	G	>50	>2	T	<50			0.10
刺沙蓬 Salsola ruthenica	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50			0.10
虫实 Corispermum spp.	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.88
马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.10

物种或裸地 Species or bare land	习性 Habit	生活型 Life form	高度 Height (cm)	寿命 Lifetime (a)	根型 Root form	根深 Root depth (cm)	近原生状态的物种频率 Species frequency in nearly original state (%)	池塘堤坝的物种频率 Species frequency on pond walls (%)	旅游践踏状态的物种频率 Species frequency under tourist trampling (%)
裸地 Bare land							11.60	18.40	39.10
沙钻薹草 Carex kobomugi	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	49.41	41.96	3.33
粗毛鸭嘴草 Ischaemum bartatum	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	31.09	1.27	1.96
肾叶打碗花 Calystegia soldanella	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	18.22	27.16	11.67
砂引草 Messerschmidia sibirica	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	13.17	2.16	7.25
拟漆姑 Spergularia marina	CP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	12.97
滨麦 Leymus mollis	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	5.84	23.33
矮生薹草 Carex pumila	CP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	3.47	6.47	13.73
沙滩黄芩 Scutellaria strigillosa	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	2.08
珊瑚菜 Glehnia littoralis	CP	G	<50	>2	T	>50	1.49
单叶蔓荆 Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia	CP	W	<50	>2	T	>50	0.89	7.94
沙苦荬菜 Chorisis repens	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50	0.10	0.29	0.59
海滨香豌豆 Lathyrus maritimus	CP	G	<50	>2	T	<50		1.47
月见草 Oenothera erythrosepala	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	2.77
独行菜 Lepidium apetalum	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	2.57
猪毛菜 Salsola collina	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	1.39	4.90	2.25
白茅 Imperata cylindrica	NTP	G	<50	>2	F	<50	0.99		2.94
小蓬草 Conyza canadensis	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50	0.99
兴安胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica	NTP	W	<50	>2	T	<50	0.30
稗 Echinochloa crusgalli	NTP	G	>50	<2	F	<50	0.20	0.59	0.10
芦苇 Phragmites australis	NTP	G	>50	>2	F	<50	0.10		0.10
白茎盐生草 Halogeton arachnoideus	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50	0.10
酸模 Rumex acetosa	NTP	G	>50	>2	T	<50	0.10
紫穗槐 Amorpha fruticosa	NTP	W	>50	>2	T	>50	0.10
狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon	NTP	G	<50	>2	F	<50		4.41	19.41
香附子 Cyperus rotundus	NTP	G	<50	>2	F	<50			13.04
西伯利亚蓼 Polygonum sibiricum	NTP	G	<50	>2	T	<50			2.16
盐生草 Halogeton glomeratus	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.69	1.37
盐地碱蓬 Suaeda salsa	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50			0.29
苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50			0.20
灰绿藜 Chenopodium glaucum	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50			0.20
酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50			0.20
紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa	NTP	G	>50	>2	T	<50			0.20
藜 Chenopodium album	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.10	0.10
巴天酸模 Rumex patientia	NTP	G	>50	>2	T	<50			0.10
刺沙蓬 Salsola ruthenica	NTP	G	>50	<2	T	<50			0.10
虫实 Corispermum spp.	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.88
马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea	NTP	G	<50	<2	T	<50		0.10

模型 Model	真实值与理论值比较 Comparison of real data with theoretical data	近原生状态 Nearly original state	池塘堤坝 Pond walls	旅游条件 Tourist trampling
中性理论模型 Neutral theoretical model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	30.9%	25.2%	37.7%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.871	1.000	0.632
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.995	0.982	0.943
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	115.88	106.16	141.26
几何级数模型 Geometric-series model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	34.3%	31.9%	45.2%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.632	1.000	0.872
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.980	0.956	0.864
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	154.04	123.69	157.94
分割线段模型 Broken stick model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	71.0%	64.7%	65.7%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.109	0.215	0.049
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.943	0.957	0.963
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	184.13	129.63	140.87
重叠生态位模型 Overlapping niche model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	85.8%	77.0%	76.0%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.020	0.093	0.049
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.827	0.874	0.898
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	196.44	139.99	156.35

模型 Model	真实值与理论值比较 Comparison of real data with theoretical data	近原生状态 Nearly original state	池塘堤坝 Pond walls	旅游条件 Tourist trampling
中性理论模型 Neutral theoretical model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	30.9%	25.2%	37.7%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.871	1.000	0.632
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.995	0.982	0.943
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	115.88	106.16	141.26
几何级数模型 Geometric-series model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	34.3%	31.9%	45.2%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.632	1.000	0.872
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.980	0.956	0.864
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	154.04	123.69	157.94
分割线段模型 Broken stick model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	71.0%	64.7%	65.7%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.109	0.215	0.049
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.943	0.957	0.963
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	184.13	129.63	140.87
重叠生态位模型 Overlapping niche model	相对偏差 Relative deviation	85.8%	77.0%	76.0%
	K-S检验显著性 K-S test significance	0.020	0.093	0.049
	Pearson相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	0.827	0.874	0.898
	AIC值 Aikake’s information criterion	196.44	139.99	156.35