植物生态学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6): 564-573.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0421
所属专题: 生物多样性
刘文亭1, 卫智军1,,A;*(), 吕世杰2, 孙世贤3, 贾利娟4, 张爽1, 王天乐1, 代景忠1, 卢志宏1
收稿日期:
2015-11-23
接受日期:
2016-05-12
出版日期:
2016-06-10
发布日期:
2016-06-15
通讯作者:
卫智军
基金资助:
Wen-Ting LIU1, Zhi-Jun WEI1,*(), Shi-Jie LÜ2, Shi-Xian SUN3, Li-Juan JIA4, Shuang ZHANG1, Tian-Le WANG1, Jing-Zhong DAI1, Zhi-Hong LU1
Received:
2015-11-23
Accepted:
2016-05-12
Online:
2016-06-10
Published:
2016-06-15
Contact:
Zhi-Jun WEI
摘要:
草食动物采食对草地植物多样性和生态系统功能的影响机制是放牧生态学研究的核心问题。该研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗荒漠草原的长期放牧控制实验为平台, 从既有草地植物多样性和动物偏食性两个层面系统地研究了荒漠草地植物多样性对草食动物采食的响应机制。结果显示: 1)荒漠草地植物对草食动物采食呈现4种响应模式: 放牧“隐没种”、放牧“敏感种”、放牧“无感种”、“绝对优势种”; 2)在群落尺度上, 物种多样性指数随放牧强度增加而减少, 与不放牧小区相比, 重度放牧(HG)与适度放牧(MG)小区植物多样性均下降, 且这一规律同样适用于功能群多样性, 灌木半灌木这一功能群内物种多样性对放牧干扰较敏感; 3)在草地既有植物的基础上, 以不放牧小区为参考系, 草食动物对植物功能群偏食性的排序为: 一二年生草本(AB) >多年生杂类草(PF) >灌木半灌木(SS) >多年生禾草(PG), 且偏食性物种主要分布于AB和PF中; 4)植物多样性与动物偏食性基本呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.05)。
刘文亭, 卫智军, 吕世杰, 孙世贤, 贾利娟, 张爽, 王天乐, 代景忠, 卢志宏. ·荒漠草地植物多样性对草食动物采食的响应机制. 植物生态学报, 2016, 40(6): 564-573. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0421
Wen-Ting LIU, Zhi-Jun WEI, Shi-Jie LÜ, Shi-Xian SUN, Li-Juan JIA, Shuang ZHANG, Tian-Le WANG, Jing-Zhong DAI, Zhi-Hong LU. Response mechanism of plant diversity to herbivore foraging in desert grassland. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2016, 40(6): 564-573. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2015.0421
物种 Species | 植物功能群 Plant functional groups | 物种代码 Species code | 植物功能群代码 Plant functional group code |
---|---|---|---|
短花针茅 Stipa breviflora | 多年生草本 Perennial grasses | S1 | PG |
无芒隐子草 Cleistogenes songorica | 多年生草本 Perennial grasses | S2 | PG |
寸草 Carex duriuscula | 多年生草本 Perennial grasses | S3 | PG |
木地肤 Kochia prostrata | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | S4 | SS |
狭叶锦鸡儿 Caragana stenophylla | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | S5 | SS |
戈壁天门冬 Asparagus gobicus | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | S6 | SS |
茵陈蒿 Artemisia capillaris | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S7 | PF |
阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S8 | PF |
碱韭 Allium polyrhizum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S9 | PF |
二刺叶兔唇花 Lagochilus diacanthophyllus | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S10 | PF |
银灰旋花 Convolvulus ammannii | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S11 | PF |
二型叶棘豆 Oxytropis diversifolia | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S12 | PF |
乳白黄耆 Astragalus galactites | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S13 | PF |
拐轴鸦葱 Scorzonera divaricata | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S14 | PF |
冷蒿 Artemisia frigida | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S15 | PF |
蒙古韭 Allium mongolicum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S16 | PF |
韭 Allium tuberosum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S17 | PF |
细叶韭 Allium tenuissimum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S18 | PF |
二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S19 | PF |
栉叶蒿 Neopallasia pectinata | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S20 | AB |
猪毛菜 Salsola collina | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S21 | AB |
牻牛儿苗 Erodium stephanianum | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S22 | AB |
狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S23 | AB |
画眉草 Eragrostis pilosa | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S24 | AB |
表1 研究地存在物种表
Table 1 Existing plants of the study site
物种 Species | 植物功能群 Plant functional groups | 物种代码 Species code | 植物功能群代码 Plant functional group code |
---|---|---|---|
短花针茅 Stipa breviflora | 多年生草本 Perennial grasses | S1 | PG |
无芒隐子草 Cleistogenes songorica | 多年生草本 Perennial grasses | S2 | PG |
寸草 Carex duriuscula | 多年生草本 Perennial grasses | S3 | PG |
木地肤 Kochia prostrata | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | S4 | SS |
狭叶锦鸡儿 Caragana stenophylla | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | S5 | SS |
戈壁天门冬 Asparagus gobicus | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | S6 | SS |
茵陈蒿 Artemisia capillaris | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S7 | PF |
阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S8 | PF |
碱韭 Allium polyrhizum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S9 | PF |
二刺叶兔唇花 Lagochilus diacanthophyllus | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S10 | PF |
银灰旋花 Convolvulus ammannii | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S11 | PF |
二型叶棘豆 Oxytropis diversifolia | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S12 | PF |
乳白黄耆 Astragalus galactites | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S13 | PF |
拐轴鸦葱 Scorzonera divaricata | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S14 | PF |
冷蒿 Artemisia frigida | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S15 | PF |
蒙古韭 Allium mongolicum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S16 | PF |
韭 Allium tuberosum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S17 | PF |
细叶韭 Allium tenuissimum | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S18 | PF |
二裂委陵菜 Potentilla bifurca | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | S19 | PF |
栉叶蒿 Neopallasia pectinata | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S20 | AB |
猪毛菜 Salsola collina | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S21 | AB |
牻牛儿苗 Erodium stephanianum | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S22 | AB |
狗尾草 Setaria viridis | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S23 | AB |
画眉草 Eragrostis pilosa | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | S24 | AB |
年份 Year | 1月 Jan. | 2月 Feb. | 3月 Mar. | 4月 Apr. | 5月 May | 6月 June | 7月 July | 8月 Aug. | 9月 Sept. | 10月 Oct. | 11月 Nov. | 12月 Dec. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 0 | 0.1 | 10.2 | 7.5 | 18.7 | 42.7 | 166.6 | 17.3 | 33.2 | 6.6 | 21.1 | 4.7 |
2013 | 1 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 86.9 | 44.9 | 60.9 | 20.8 | 0.1 | 6.6 | 0.5 |
2014 | 0 | 7.2 | 0 | 11.6 | 18.9 | 15.1 | 17.7 | 12.7 | 18.8 | 11.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
表2 研究区2012-2014年月降水量变化(mm)
Table 2 Variations of monthly precipitation of the study site in 2012 to 2014 (mm)
年份 Year | 1月 Jan. | 2月 Feb. | 3月 Mar. | 4月 Apr. | 5月 May | 6月 June | 7月 July | 8月 Aug. | 9月 Sept. | 10月 Oct. | 11月 Nov. | 12月 Dec. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 0 | 0.1 | 10.2 | 7.5 | 18.7 | 42.7 | 166.6 | 17.3 | 33.2 | 6.6 | 21.1 | 4.7 |
2013 | 1 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 86.9 | 44.9 | 60.9 | 20.8 | 0.1 | 6.6 | 0.5 |
2014 | 0 | 7.2 | 0 | 11.6 | 18.9 | 15.1 | 17.7 | 12.7 | 18.8 | 11.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
图1 重度放牧(HG)、适度放牧(MG)与不放牧(NG)条件下植物多重响应频数排序。物种及功能群代码同表1。
Fig. 1 Sorting of plant multiple response frequency in heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG) and no grazing (NG). Species and plant functional group code see Table 1.
图2 重度放牧(HG)、适度放牧(MG)与不放牧(NG)条件下群落内物种多样性(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 2 Species diversity under plant community in heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG) and no grazing (NG) (mean ±SE). Different small letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
图3 重度放牧(HG)、适度放牧(MG)与不放牧(NG)条件下群落内功能群多样性(平均值±标准误差)。不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(p < 0.05)。
Fig. 3 Plant functional group diversity under plant community in heavy grazing (HG), moderate grazing (MG) and no grazing (NG) (mean ± SE). Different small letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
放牧强度 Grazing intensity | 功能群内物种丰富度指数 Species richness within plant functional groups index | 功能群内物种多样性指数 Species diversity within plant functional groups index | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
多年生禾草 Perennial grasses | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | 多年生禾草 Perennial grasses | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | ||
重度放牧 Heavy grazing | 2.26 ± 0.09a | 0.79 ± 0.08b | 3.23 ± 0.14a | 0.67 ± 0.12a | 0.63 ± 0.04a | 0.04 ± 0.03b | 0.72 ± 0.04b | 0.15 ± 0.05a | |
适度放牧 Moderate grazing | 2.23 ± 0.1a | 0.53 ± 0.09b | 3.18 ± 0.25a | 0.63 ± 0.13a | 0.67 ± 0.05a | 0.03 ± 0.03ab | 0.69 ± 0.07b | 0.13 ± 0.05a | |
不放牧 No grazing | 2.39 ± 0.07a | 0.93 ± 0.09a | 3.54 ± 0.18a | 0.48 ± 0.09a | 0.68 ± 0.04a | 0.13 ± 0.04a | 0.93 ± 0.05a | 0.13 ± 0.05a |
表3 荒漠草地功能群内物种多样性(平均值±标准误差)
Table 3 Species diversity within plant functional group in desert grassland (mean ± SE)
放牧强度 Grazing intensity | 功能群内物种丰富度指数 Species richness within plant functional groups index | 功能群内物种多样性指数 Species diversity within plant functional groups index | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
多年生禾草 Perennial grasses | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | 多年生禾草 Perennial grasses | 灌木半灌木 Shrubs and semi-shrubs | 多年生杂类草 Perennial forbs | 一二年生草本 Annual and biennial forbs | ||
重度放牧 Heavy grazing | 2.26 ± 0.09a | 0.79 ± 0.08b | 3.23 ± 0.14a | 0.67 ± 0.12a | 0.63 ± 0.04a | 0.04 ± 0.03b | 0.72 ± 0.04b | 0.15 ± 0.05a | |
适度放牧 Moderate grazing | 2.23 ± 0.1a | 0.53 ± 0.09b | 3.18 ± 0.25a | 0.63 ± 0.13a | 0.67 ± 0.05a | 0.03 ± 0.03ab | 0.69 ± 0.07b | 0.13 ± 0.05a | |
不放牧 No grazing | 2.39 ± 0.07a | 0.93 ± 0.09a | 3.54 ± 0.18a | 0.48 ± 0.09a | 0.68 ± 0.04a | 0.13 ± 0.04a | 0.93 ± 0.05a | 0.13 ± 0.05a |
图4 重度(HG)和中度(MG)放牧下荒漠草地草食动物偏食性指数(PI)。物种和功能群代码同表1。
Fig. 4 Preference index (PI) of herbivore in desert grassland in heavy grazing (HG) and moderate grazing (MG). Species and functional group code see Table 1.
图5 荒漠草地植物多样性与草食动物偏食性的Pearson相关关系。A, 群落内物种丰富度指数与偏食性的Pearson相关关系。B, 群落内物种多样性指数与偏食性的Pearson相关关系。C, 群落内功能群丰富度指数与偏食性的Pearson相关关系。D, 群落内功能群多样性指数与偏食性的Pearson相关关系。物种及功能群代码同表1。*, p < 0.05; **; p < 0.01。
Fig. 5 Pearson relationships between plant diversity and herbivore preference in desert grassland. A, Richness index based on plant species. B, Diversity index based on plant species. C, Richness index based on plant functional groups. D, Diversity index based on plant functional groups. Species code and plant functional groups code see Table 1. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.
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