植物遗传多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究进展

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2018.0013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球变化和人类活动导致物种生境的萎缩, 造成很多植物种群数量缩减, 遗传多样性快速丧失。对于物种多样性低的生态系统, 优势种的遗传多样性可能比物种多样性对生态系统功能产生更大的影响。因此, 了解遗传多样性和生态系统功能的关系(GD-EF)及其机制对生物多样性保护、应对环境变化和生态修复具有指导意义。该文综述了植物遗传多样性对生态系统结构(高营养级生物群落结构)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、养分循环和稳定性)的影响及机制、功能多样性对GD-EF的影响、遗传多样性效应和物种多样性效应的比较, 以及GD-EF在生态修复等实际应用的研究进展。最后指出当前研究的不足之处, 以期为后续研究提供参考: 1)还需深入研究GD-EF机制; 2)未评估遗传多样性对生态系统多功能性的影响; 3)不同遗传多样性测度对生态系统功能的影响不明确; 4)缺少长期的和多空间尺度结合的GD-EF实验; 5)遗传多样性效应相对于其他因子的作用不清楚。

关键词: 遗传多样性, 基因型多样性, 群落结构, 生态系统功能, 加性效应, 互补效应

Abstract:

The loss of genetic diversity is accelerating due to habitat loss and population reduction caused by global change and anthropologenic activities. For species-poor ecosystems, the effect of genetic diversity on ecosystem functioning may not be smaller than that of species diversity. Therefore, understanding the relationship between genetic diversity and ecosystem functioning (GD-EF) and its underlying mechanisms is important for biodiversity conservation, responses of ecosystems to environmental change and ecological restoration. Here, we reviewed the studies on the effects of plant genetic diversity on ecosystem structures (community structure of the higher tropic level) and ecosystem functions (primary production, nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability), and the mechanisms underlying these relationships. We also discussed the influence of functional diversity on GD-EF, the comparison of effects of the genetic and species diversity on ecosystem functioning, and the application of GD-EF in the ecological restorations. We finally pointed out the limitations in current studies to provide references for the future: (1) further studies on the mechanisms of GD-EF are needed; (2) no study has evaluated the influence of genetic diversity on maltifunctinarity; (3) the impacts of different measurements of genetic diversity on ecosystem functioning are unclear; (4) there are lack of long-time GD-EF studies and GD-EF studies conducted at multidimensional scales; (5) the relative importance of genetic diversity and other factors on ecosystem functioning in the nature is unclear.

Key words: genetic diversity, genotypic diversity, ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, additive effect, complementarity effect

张俪文, 韩广轩. 植物遗传多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(10): 977-989. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0013

ZHANG Li-Wen, HAN Guang-Xuan. A review on the relationships between plant genetic diversity and ecosystem functioning. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(10): 977-989. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0013

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2018.0013

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2018/V42/I10/977

图/表 2

参考文献 82

1	Abbott JM, Grosberg RK, Williams SL, Stachowicz JJ ( 2017). Multiple dimensions of intraspecific diversity affect biomass of eelgrass and its associated community. Ecology, 98, 3152-3164. DOI URL
2	Bailey JK ( 2011). From genes to ecosystems: A genetic basis to ecosystem services. Population Ecology, 53, 47-52. DOI URL
3	Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA, Ubeda F, Koricheva J, LeRoy CJ, Madritch MD, Rehill BJ, Bangert RK, Fischer DG, Allan GJ, Whitham TG ( 2009). From genes to ecosystems: A synthesis of the effects of plant genetic factors across levels of organization. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 364, 1607-1616.
4	Bernays E, Graham M ( 1988). On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods. Ecology, 69, 886-892. DOI URL
5	Bruelheide H, Nadrowski K, Assmann T, Bauhus J, Both S, Buscot F, Chen XY, Ding BY, Durka W, Erfmeier A, Gutknecht JLM, Guo DL, Guo LD, Hardtle W, He JS, Klein AM, Kuhn P, Liang Y, Liu XJ, Michalski S, Niklaus PA, Pei KQ, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Scholten T, Schuldt A, Seidler G, Trogisch S, von Oheimb G, Welk E, Wirth C, Wubet T, Yang XF, Yu MJ, Zhang SR, Zhou HZ, Fischer M, Ma KP, Schmid B ( 2014). Designing forest biodiversity experiments: General considerations illustrated by a new large experiment in subtropical China. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 74-89. DOI URL
6	Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strien A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, Baillie JEM, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno J, Carpenter KE, Carr GM, Chanson J, Chenery AM, Csirke J, Davidson NC, Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway JN, Genovesi P, Gregory RD, Hockings M, Kapos V, Lamarque JF, Leverington F, Loh J, McGeoch MA, McRae L, Minasyan A, Morcillo MH, Oldfield TEE, Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer JR, Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Stuart SN, Symes A, Tierney M, Tyrrell TD, Vie JC, Watson R ( 2010). Global biodiversity: Indicators of recent declines. Science, 328, 1164-1168. DOI URL
7	Byrnes JEK, Gamfeldt L, Isbell F, Lefcheck JS, Griffin JN, Hector A, Cardinale BJ, Hooper DU, Dee LE, Duffy JE ( 2014). Investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality: Challenges and solutions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 111-124. DOI URL
8	Cadotte MW, Livingstone SW, Yasui SLE, Dinnage R, Li JT, Marushia R, Santangelo J, Shu W ( 2017). Explaining ecosystem multifunction with evolutionary models. Ecology, 98, 3175-3187. DOI URL
9	Cardinale BJ, Wright JP, Cadotte MW, Carroll IT, Hector A, Srivastava DS, Loreau M, Weis JJ ( 2007). Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 18123-18128. DOI URL
10	Cook-Patton SC, McArt SH, Parachnowitsch AL, Thaler JS, Agrawal AA ( 2011). A direct comparison of the consequences of plant genotypic and species diversity on communities and ecosystem function. Ecology, 92, 915-923. DOI URL
11	Crawford KM, Rudgers JA ( 2012). Plant species diversity and genetic diversity within a dominant species interactively affect plant community biomass. Journal of Ecology, 100, 1512-1521. DOI URL
12	Crawford KM, Rudgers JA ( 2013). Genetic diversity within a dominant plant outweighs plant species diversity in structuring an arthropod community. Ecology, 94, 1025-1035. DOI URL
13	Crawford KM, Whitney KD ( 2010). Population genetic diversity influences colonization success. Molecular Ecology, 19, 1253-1263. DOI URL
14	Crutsinger GM, Carter BE, Rudgers JA ( 2013). Soil nutrients trump intraspecific effects on understory plant communities. Oecologia, 173, 1531-1538. DOI URL
15	Crutsinger GM, Collins MD, Fordyce JA, Gompert Z, Nice CC, Sanders NJ ( 2006). Plant genotypic diversity predicts community structure and governs an ecosystem process. Science, 313, 966-968. DOI URL
16	Crutsinger GM, Collins MD, Fordyce JA, Sanders NJ ( 2008 a). Temporal dynamics in non-additive responses of arthropods to host-plant genotypic diversity. Oikos, 117, 255-264. DOI URL
17	Crutsinger GM, Reynolds WN, Classen AT, Sanders NJ ( 2008 b). Disparate effects of plant genotypic diversity on foliage and litter arthropod communities. Oecologia, 158, 65-75. DOI URL
18	Darwin C ( 1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. J. Murray, London.
19	Dooley A, Isbell F, Kirwan L, Connolly J, Finn JA, Brophy C ( 2015). Testing the effects of diversity on ecosystem multifunctionality using a multivariate model. Ecology Letters, 18, 1242-1251. DOI URL
20	Duffy JE, Richardson JP, Canuel EA ( 2003). Grazer diversity effects on ecosystem functioning in seagrass beds. Ecology Letters, 6, 637-645. DOI URL
21	Ehlers A, Worm B, Reusch TBH ( 2008). Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 355, 1-7.
22	Fischer DG, Wimp GM, Hersch-Green E, Bangert RK, Leroy CJ, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA, Dirks C, Hart SC, Allan GJ, Whitham TG ( 2017). Tree genetics strongly affect forest productivity, but intraspecific diversity-productivity relationships do not. Functional Ecology, 31, 520-529. DOI URL
23	Forsman A ( 2014). Effects of genotypic and phenotypic variation on establishment are important for conservation, invasion, and infection biology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 302-307. DOI URL
24	Fox JW ( 2005). Interpreting the “selection effect” of biodiversity on ecosystem function. Ecology Letters, 8, 846-856. DOI URL
25	Frasier TR ( 2008). STORM: Software for testing hypotheses of relatedness and mating patterns. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8, 1263-1266. DOI URL
26	Fridley JD, Grime JP ( 2010). Community and ecosystem effects of intraspecific genetic diversity in grassland microcosms of varying species diversity. Ecology, 91, 2272-2283. DOI URL
27	Gamfeldt L, Hillebrand H, Jonsson PR ( 2008). Multiple functions increase the importance of biodiversity for overall ecosystem functioning. Ecology, 89, 1223-1231. DOI URL
28	Gamfeldt L, Roger F ( 2017). Revisiting the biodiversity-?ecosystem multifunctionality relationship. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 168. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0168.
29	Gerstenmaier CE, Krueger-Hadfield SA, Sotka EE ( 2016). Genotypic diversity in a non-native ecosystem engineer has variable impacts on productivity. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 556, 79-89. DOI URL
30	Grady KC, Ferrier SM, Kolb TE, Hart SC, Allan GJ, Whitham TG ( 2011). Genetic variation in productivity of foundation riparian species at the edge of their distribution: Implications for restoration and assisted migration in a warming climate. Global Change Biology, 17, 3724-3735. DOI URL
31	Hector A, Bagchi R ( 2007). Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature, 448, 188-190. DOI URL
32	Hersch-Green EI, Turley NE, Johnson MTJ ( 2011). Community genetics: What have we accomplished and where should we be going? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 366, 1453-1460.
33	Huang K, Ritland K, Guo ST, Dunn DW, Chen D, Ren Y, Qi XG, Zhang P, He G, Li BG ( 2015). Estimating pairwise relatedness between individuals with different levels of ploidy. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15, 772-784. DOI URL
34	Hughes AR ( 2014). Genotypic diversity and trait variance interact to affect marsh plant performance. Journal of Ecology, 102, 651-658. DOI URL
35	Hughes AR, Hanley TC, Schenck FR, Hays CG ( 2016). Genetic diversity of seagrass seeds influences seedling morphology and biomass. Ecology, 97, 3538-3546. DOI URL
36	Hughes AR, Inouye BD, Johnson MTJ, Underwood N, Vellend M ( 2008). Ecological consequences of genetic diversity. Ecology Letters, 11, 609-623. DOI URL
37	Hughes AR, Stachowicz JJ ( 2004). Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 8998-9002. DOI URL
38	Hughes AR, Stachowicz JJ ( 2011). Seagrass genotypic diversity increases disturbance response via complementarity and dominance. Journal of Ecology, 99, 445-453.
39	Husband BC, Sabara HA ( 2004). Reproductive isolation between autotetraploids and their diploid progenitors in fireweed, Chamerion angustifolium(Onagraceae). New Phytologist, 161, 703-713.
40	Huston MA ( 1997). Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: Re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia, 110, 449-460. DOI URL
41	Jahnke M, Olsen JL, Procaccini G ( 2015 a). A meta-analysis reveals a positive correlation between genetic diversity metrics and environmental status in the long-lived seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Molecular Ecology, 24, 2336-2348.
42	Jahnke M, Pages JF, Alcoverro T, Lavery PS, McMahon KM, Procaccini G ( 2015 b). Should we sync? Seascape-level genetic and ecological factors determine seagrass flowering patterns. Journal of Ecology, 103, 1464-1474. DOI URL
43	Jing X, Sanders NJ, Shi Y, Chu HY, Classen AT, Zhao K, Chen LT, Shi Y, Jiang YX, He JS ( 2015). The links between ecosystem multifunctionality and above- and belowground biodiversity are mediated by climate. Nature Communications, 6, 8159. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9159. DOI URL
44	Johnson MTJ, Lajeunesse MJ, Agrawal AA ( 2006). Additive and interactive effects of plant genotypic diversity on arthropod communities and plant fitness. Ecology Letters, 9, 24-34.
45	Jormalainen V, Danelli M, Gagnon K, Hillebrand H, Rothausler E, Salminen JP, Sjoroos J ( 2017). Genetic variation of a foundation rockweed species affects associated communities. Ecology, 98, 2940-2951. DOI URL
46	Jousset A, Schmid B, Scheu S, Eisenhauer N ( 2011). Genotypic richness and dissimilarity opposingly affect ecosystem functioning. Ecology Letters, 14, 537-545. DOI URL
47	Kettenring KM, Mercer KL, Adams CR, Hines J ( 2014). Application of genetic diversity-ecosystem function research to ecological restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 339-348. DOI URL
48	Lande R ( 1988). Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science, 241, 1455-1460. DOI URL
49	Lefcheck JS, Byrnes JEK, Isbell F, Gamfeldt L, Griffin JN, Eisenhauer N, Hensel MJS, Hector A, Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE ( 2015). Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats. Nature Communications, 6, 6936. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6936. DOI URL
50	Loreau M, Hector A ( 2001). Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature, 413, 548-548.
51	Massa SI, Paulino CM, Serrao EA, Duarte CM, Arnaud-Haond S ( 2013). Entangled effects of allelic and clonal (genotypic) richness in the resistance and resilience of experimental populations of the seagrass Zostera noltii to diatom invasion. BMC Ecology, 13, 1-12.
52	McArt SH, Thaler JS ( 2013). Plant genotypic diversity reduces the rate of consumer resource utilization. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 280, 20130639. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0639
53	McKay JK, Christian CE, Harrison S, Rice KJ ( 2005). “How local is local?”—A review of practical and conceptual issues in the genetics of restoration. Restoration Ecology, 13, 432-440. DOI URL
54	Pew J, Muir PH, Wang JL, Frasier TR ( 2015). Related: An R package for analysing pairwise relatedness from codominant molecular markers. Molecular Ecology Resources, 15, 557-561. DOI URL
55	Reusch TBH, Ehlers A, Hammerli A, Worm B ( 2005). Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 2826-2831. DOI URL
56	Reynolds LK, Chan KM, Huynh E, Williams SL, Stachowicz JJ ( 2017). Plant genotype identity and diversity interact with mesograzer species diversity to influence detrital consumption in eelgrass meadows. Oikos, 127, 327-336.
57	Reynolds LK, McGlathery KJ, Waycott M ( 2012). Genetic diversity enhances restoration success by augmenting ecosystem services. PLOS ONE, 7, e38397. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038397. DOI URL
58	Schweitzer JA, Bailey JK, Hart SC, Whitham TG ( 2005). Nonadditive effects of mixing cottonwood genotypes on litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics. Ecology, 86, 2834-2840. DOI URL
59	Semchenko M, Saar S, Lepik A ( 2017). Intraspecific genetic diversity modulates plant-soil feedback and nutrient cycling. New Phytologist, 216, 90-98. DOI URL
60	Shen DW, Li YY, Chen XY ( 2007). Review of clonal diversity and its effects on ecosystem functioning. Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 31, 552-560.
	[ 沈栋伟, 李媛媛, 陈小勇 ( 2007). 植物克隆多样性与生态系统功能. 植物生态学报, 31, 552-560.]
61	Shen JF, Ren HQ, Xin XJ, Xu B, Gao YB, Zhao NX ( 2015). Leymus chinensis genotypic diversity increases the response of populations to disturbance. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 35, 7682-7689.
	[ 申俊芳, 任慧琴, 辛晓静, 徐冰, 高玉葆, 赵念席 ( 2015). 羊草基因型多样性能增强种群对干扰的响应. 生态学报, 35, 7682-7689.]
62	Shen JF, Xin XJ, Zhao NX, Gao YB ( 2016). Effects of genotypic diversity of Leymus chinensis population on soil macrofauna and microorganism community. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 35, 1226-1232.
	[ 申俊芳, 辛晓静, 赵念席, 高玉葆 ( 2016). 羊草基因型数目对地下动物及微生物群落的影响. 生态学杂志, 35, 1226-1232.]
63	Sjoqvist CO, Kremp A ( 2016). Genetic diversity affects ecological performance and stress response of marine diatom populations. The ISME Journal, 10, 2755-2766. DOI URL
64	Smithson JB, Lenné JM ( 1996). Varietal mixtures: A viable strategy for sustainable productivity in subsistence agriculture. Annals of Applied Biology, 128, 127-158. DOI URL
65	Souza L, Stuble KL, Genung MA, Classen AT ( 2017). Plant genotypic variation and intraspecific diversity trump soil nutrient availability to shape old-field structure and function. Functional Ecology, 31, 965-974. DOI URL
66	Srivastava DS, Lawton JH ( 1998). Why more productive sites have more species: An experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities. The American Naturalist, 152, 510-529.
67	Stachowicz JJ, Kamel SJ, Hughes AR, Grosberg RK ( 2013). Genetic relatedness influences plant biomass accumulation in eelgrass (Zostera marina). The American Naturalist, 181, 715-724.
68	Tack AJM, Johnson MTJ, Roslin T ( 2012). Sizing up community genetics: It’s a matter of scale. Oikos, 121, 481-488. DOI URL
69	Tack AJM, Ovaskainen O, Pulkkinen P, Roslin T ( 2010). Spatial location dominates over host plant genotype in structuring an herbivore community. Ecology, 91, 2660-2672. DOI URL
70	Tilman D, Isbell F, Cowles JM ( 2014). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45, 471-493. DOI URL
71	Tilman D, Lehman CL, Thomson KT ( 1997). Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: Theoretical considerations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 1857-1861. DOI URL
72	Tomimatsu H, Nakano K, Yamamoto N, Suyama Y ( 2014). Effects of genotypic diversity of Phragmites australis on primary productivity and water quality in an experimental wetland. Oecologia, 175, 163-172.
73	Wang XY, Miao Y, Yu S, Chen XY, Schmid B ( 2014). Genotypic diversity of an invasive plant species promotes litter decomposition and associated processes. Oecologia, 174, 993-1005. DOI URL
74	Wang XY, Shen DW, Jiao J, Xu NN, Yu S, Zhou XF, Shi MM, Chen XY ( 2012). Genotypic diversity enhances invasive ability of Spartina alterniflora. Molecular Ecology, 21, 2542-2551.
75	Whitham TG, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA, Shuster SM, Bangert RK, Leroy CJ, Lonsdorf EV, Allan GJ, DiFazio SP, Potts BM, Fischer DG, Gehring CA, Lindroth RL, Marks JC, Hart SC, Wimp GM, Wooley SC ( 2006). A framework for community and ecosystem genetics: From genes to ecosystems. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7, 510-523. DOI URL
76	Whitlock R ( 2014). Relationships between adaptive and neutral genetic diversity and ecological structure and functioning: A meta-analysis. Journal of Ecology, 102, 857-872. DOI URL
77	Wolfe MS ( 1985). The current status and prospects of multiline cultivars and variety mixtures for disease resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 23, 251-273. DOI URL
78	Xu W, Jing X, Ma ZY, He JS ( 2016 a). A review on the measurement of ecosystem multifunctionality. Biodiversity Science, 24, 72-84.
	[ 徐炜, 井新, 马志远, 贺金生 ( 2016 a). 生态系统多功能性的测度方法. 生物多样性, 24, 72-84.]
79	Xu W, Ma ZY, Jing X, He JS ( 2016 b). Biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality: Advances and perspectives. Biodiversity Science, 24, 55-71.
	[ 徐炜, 马志远, 井新, 贺金生 ( 2016 b). 生物多样性与生态系统多功能性:进展与展望. 生物多样性, 24, 55-71.]
80	Yang LX, Callaway RM, Atwater DZ ( 2017). Ecotypic diversity of a dominant grassland species resists exotic invasion. Biological Invasions, 19, 1483-1493. DOI URL
81	Yang X, Shen JF, Zhao NX, Gao YB ( 2017). Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation of quantitative traits in genotypes of Leymus chinensis. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 41, 359-368.
	[ 杨雪, 申俊芳, 赵念席, 高玉葆 ( 2017). 不同基因型羊草数量性状的可塑性及遗传分化. 植物生态学报, 41, 359-368.]
82	Zhang QG, Zhang DY ( 2002). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Recent advances and trends. Biodiversity Science, 11, 351-363.
	[ 张全国, 张大勇 ( 2003). 生物多样性与生态系统功能: 进展与争论. 生物多样性, 11, 351-363.]

名词术语 Glossary	解释 Explanation
遗传多样性 Genetic diversity	种群内个体间遗传变异的程度。 The degree of genetic variation among individuals in a population.
基因丰富度 Allelic richness	所检测位点上等位基因的平均数目。 The average number of alleles detected at the detected locus.
基因多样性 Allelic diversity	包含位点上基因数目和频率信息的一类遗传多样性指数, 比如: Shannon信息指数和期望杂合度。 A class of genetic diversity indices containing information about the number and frequency of genes at a locus, such as: Shannon information index and expected heterozygosity.
基因型 Genotype	一个个体在指定数量的位点上等位基因的组成。 The composition of alleles of an individual at a specified number of loci.
基因型丰富度 Genotypic richness	一个种群中基因型的数目。 The number of genotypes in a population.
基因型均匀度 Genotypic eveness	基因型多度的分布。如果一个种群中各基因型多度等同, 那么基因型均匀度为1; 如果一个种群只有一个基因型, 那么该种群基因型均匀度为0。 The distribution of genotypic abundance. The genotype evenness is 1 if genotypic abundance is equal in a population, and 0 if there is only one genotype in a population.
基因型相异度 Genotypic dissimilarity	一个种群中两两基因型间遗传距离的平均值。 The average genetic distance between two genotypes in a population.
基因型亲缘度 Genotypic relatedness	与基因型相异度相反, 指一个种群中两两基因型间亲缘程度的平均值。对于植物微卫星分子标记数据, 二倍体可以用STORM软件(Frasier, 2008)或者R程序包“related” (Pew et al., 2015), 多倍体用P_OLYR_ELATEDNESS计算基因型亲缘度(Huang et al., 2015)。 The average value of relatedness between two genotypes in a population, which is contrary to genotypic dissimilarity. For plant microsatellite marker data, genotypic relatedness of diploids can be calculated with STORM software (Frasier, 2008) or R package “related” (Pew et al., 2015), and genotypic relatedness of polyploids can be calculated with P_OLYR_ELATEDNESS (Huang et al., 2015).
适应性遗传多样性 Adaptive genetic diversity	适应性遗传多样性是通过改变表达蛋白质的数量或结构或表达时间来影响表型以帮助个体适应环境或者提高个体适合度的变异。一般采用已知遗传关系的个体(比如, 来自同一母株种子生长的个体)开展同质园数量遗传实验进行估算, 但是这个方法比较费时费力费钱; 另外一种方法是开发和筛选出适应性分子标记来测定其遗传变异。 Adaptive genetic diversity is the variation that affects phenotypes by altering the number or structure of expressed proteins or the expression time to help individuals adapt to the environment or improve their fitness. Quantitative genetic common garden experiments are usually conducted to estimate the adaptive gentic variation by using individuals with known genetic relationships (e.g., individuals from seeds of the same mother tree), but this method is time-consuming and costly; another method is to develop and select adaptive molecular markers to determine their genetic variation.
中性遗传多样性 Neutral genetic diversity	中性遗传多样性是由不影响表型的序列变异组成。中性遗传多样性和适应性遗传多样性也可能有相关性, 原因是采用的中性分子标记位点与适应性遗传变异可能存在连锁不平衡的情况。 Neutral genetic diversity is composed of sequence variations that do not affect phenotypes. Neutral genetic diversity and adaptive genetic diversity may also be correlated, because there may be linkage imbalance between the neutral molecular marker loci and adaptive genetic variation.
品种 Cultivar	为特定的某一性状或若干性状的组合而选择出来的植物集合体, 在这些性状上是特异、一致、稳定的, 并且通过适当的有性或无性方式繁殖时仍保持这些性状。 Plants were selected for a particular trait or combination of several specific traits, and these traits are specific, consistent, and stable, and retained when propagated sexually or asexually.
近交衰退 Inbreeding depression	由于近交(自交和亲缘个体间的异交)导致后代适合度下降的现象, 产生的主要原因是由于近交增加了有害等位基因的纯合几率。 Inbreeding (selfing and outcrossing between related individuals) results in a decrease in fitness of offspring, mainly because inbreeding increases the probability of harmful homozygous alleles.
远交衰退 Outbreeding depression	不同生境的种群个体, 各自拥有适应当地生境的特有等位基因组合, 如果它们相互之间杂交(交配)将可能打破这种组合, 引起后代适应能力降低。 Individuals from different habitats have specific allele combinations adapted to local habitats. If they cross breeding (mate) with each other, they may break the specific allele combinations and reduce the adaptability of their offspring.
功能多样性 Functional diversity	植物个体水平上的形态、生理以及生活史特征等功能性状通过影响植物存活能力、生长和繁殖来影响其适合度, 这些功能性状特征值的大小、范围和分布状况称为功能多样性。 Functional traits such as morphology, physiology and life history at the individual level affect plant fitness by affecting its survival, growth and reproduction. The size, range and distribution of these functional trait values are called functional diversity.
奠基者多样性 Founder diversity	这里指的是, 在种群保护或者生态修复中, 所引物种种群的遗传多样性。奠基者效应是指由少数个体的基因频率决定了它们后代基因频率的效应。 This refers to the genetic diversity of founder in population conservation or ecological restoration. Founder effect is the gene frequency of a small number of individuals determines the gene frequency of their offspring.
系统发育多样性 Phylogenetic diversity	群落中物种的系统发育树形图(表示物种之间的亲缘关系)中所有分枝长度之和。 The sum of all the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree of species in a community (representing the relatedness between species).

名词术语 Glossary	解释 Explanation
遗传多样性 Genetic diversity	种群内个体间遗传变异的程度。 The degree of genetic variation among individuals in a population.
基因丰富度 Allelic richness	所检测位点上等位基因的平均数目。 The average number of alleles detected at the detected locus.
基因多样性 Allelic diversity	包含位点上基因数目和频率信息的一类遗传多样性指数, 比如: Shannon信息指数和期望杂合度。 A class of genetic diversity indices containing information about the number and frequency of genes at a locus, such as: Shannon information index and expected heterozygosity.
基因型 Genotype	一个个体在指定数量的位点上等位基因的组成。 The composition of alleles of an individual at a specified number of loci.
基因型丰富度 Genotypic richness	一个种群中基因型的数目。 The number of genotypes in a population.
基因型均匀度 Genotypic eveness	基因型多度的分布。如果一个种群中各基因型多度等同, 那么基因型均匀度为1; 如果一个种群只有一个基因型, 那么该种群基因型均匀度为0。 The distribution of genotypic abundance. The genotype evenness is 1 if genotypic abundance is equal in a population, and 0 if there is only one genotype in a population.
基因型相异度 Genotypic dissimilarity	一个种群中两两基因型间遗传距离的平均值。 The average genetic distance between two genotypes in a population.
基因型亲缘度 Genotypic relatedness	与基因型相异度相反, 指一个种群中两两基因型间亲缘程度的平均值。对于植物微卫星分子标记数据, 二倍体可以用STORM软件(Frasier, 2008)或者R程序包“related” (Pew et al., 2015), 多倍体用P_OLYR_ELATEDNESS计算基因型亲缘度(Huang et al., 2015)。 The average value of relatedness between two genotypes in a population, which is contrary to genotypic dissimilarity. For plant microsatellite marker data, genotypic relatedness of diploids can be calculated with STORM software (Frasier, 2008) or R package “related” (Pew et al., 2015), and genotypic relatedness of polyploids can be calculated with P_OLYR_ELATEDNESS (Huang et al., 2015).
适应性遗传多样性 Adaptive genetic diversity	适应性遗传多样性是通过改变表达蛋白质的数量或结构或表达时间来影响表型以帮助个体适应环境或者提高个体适合度的变异。一般采用已知遗传关系的个体(比如, 来自同一母株种子生长的个体)开展同质园数量遗传实验进行估算, 但是这个方法比较费时费力费钱; 另外一种方法是开发和筛选出适应性分子标记来测定其遗传变异。 Adaptive genetic diversity is the variation that affects phenotypes by altering the number or structure of expressed proteins or the expression time to help individuals adapt to the environment or improve their fitness. Quantitative genetic common garden experiments are usually conducted to estimate the adaptive gentic variation by using individuals with known genetic relationships (e.g., individuals from seeds of the same mother tree), but this method is time-consuming and costly; another method is to develop and select adaptive molecular markers to determine their genetic variation.
中性遗传多样性 Neutral genetic diversity	中性遗传多样性是由不影响表型的序列变异组成。中性遗传多样性和适应性遗传多样性也可能有相关性, 原因是采用的中性分子标记位点与适应性遗传变异可能存在连锁不平衡的情况。 Neutral genetic diversity is composed of sequence variations that do not affect phenotypes. Neutral genetic diversity and adaptive genetic diversity may also be correlated, because there may be linkage imbalance between the neutral molecular marker loci and adaptive genetic variation.
品种 Cultivar	为特定的某一性状或若干性状的组合而选择出来的植物集合体, 在这些性状上是特异、一致、稳定的, 并且通过适当的有性或无性方式繁殖时仍保持这些性状。 Plants were selected for a particular trait or combination of several specific traits, and these traits are specific, consistent, and stable, and retained when propagated sexually or asexually.
近交衰退 Inbreeding depression	由于近交(自交和亲缘个体间的异交)导致后代适合度下降的现象, 产生的主要原因是由于近交增加了有害等位基因的纯合几率。 Inbreeding (selfing and outcrossing between related individuals) results in a decrease in fitness of offspring, mainly because inbreeding increases the probability of harmful homozygous alleles.
远交衰退 Outbreeding depression	不同生境的种群个体, 各自拥有适应当地生境的特有等位基因组合, 如果它们相互之间杂交(交配)将可能打破这种组合, 引起后代适应能力降低。 Individuals from different habitats have specific allele combinations adapted to local habitats. If they cross breeding (mate) with each other, they may break the specific allele combinations and reduce the adaptability of their offspring.
功能多样性 Functional diversity	植物个体水平上的形态、生理以及生活史特征等功能性状通过影响植物存活能力、生长和繁殖来影响其适合度, 这些功能性状特征值的大小、范围和分布状况称为功能多样性。 Functional traits such as morphology, physiology and life history at the individual level affect plant fitness by affecting its survival, growth and reproduction. The size, range and distribution of these functional trait values are called functional diversity.
奠基者多样性 Founder diversity	这里指的是, 在种群保护或者生态修复中, 所引物种种群的遗传多样性。奠基者效应是指由少数个体的基因频率决定了它们后代基因频率的效应。 This refers to the genetic diversity of founder in population conservation or ecological restoration. Founder effect is the gene frequency of a small number of individuals determines the gene frequency of their offspring.
系统发育多样性 Phylogenetic diversity	群落中物种的系统发育树形图(表示物种之间的亲缘关系)中所有分枝长度之和。 The sum of all the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree of species in a community (representing the relatedness between species).

效应类别(按生物学角度来分类) Types of genetic diversity effects (in terms of biology)	效应区别 The differences among types of genetic diversity effect	生态系统功能 Ecosystem functioning	相关机制假说 Hypothesis	假说内容 Content of hypothesis
加性效应 Additive effects	不同基因型对生态系统功能的效应是独立的、可加的; 基因型间相互作用不影响其生态系统功能效应。 The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are independent and additive, and the interactions among genotypes do not affect their effects on ecosystem functioning.	高营养级生物群落结构、初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Community structure of higher trophic levels, primary productivity, nutrientcycling and ecosystem stability	优势效应 Dominant effect	基因型多样性高的系统中包含对系统有利的基因型概率高于单基因型系统, 因此基因型多样性高有利于维持生态系统结构和功能。验证方法请见1.1和1.2节。 Systems with high genotypic diversity have a higher probability of containing genotypes beneficial to the system than those with single genotype, and thus high genotypic diversity is conducive to maintaining ecosystem structure and function. Please see sections 1.1 and 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypotheses.
非加性效应 Non-additive effects	不同基因型对生态系统功能效应是非独立的、不可加的; 基因型间相互作用对生态系统功能产生交互效应。The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are dependent and nonadditive, and the interactions among genotypes affect their effects on ecosystem functioning.	高营养级生物群落结构 Community structure of higher trophic levels	资源化假说 The resource specialization hypothesis	大多数植食性节肢动物表现出一定程度的食性偏好, 随着基因型多样性的增加, 相关联的植食性节肢动物多样性也增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 Most of the herbivorous arthropods showed food preference. With the increase of genotypic diversity, the diversity of associated herbivorous arthropods also increased. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis.
		高营养级生物群落结构 Community structure of higher trophic levels	更多个体假说 The more individuals hypothesis	如果地上净生产力随着基因型多样性升高, 那么能够提供更多的能量给更多植食性节肢动物, 这些植食性节肢动物多样性随之增加, 继而捕食者也会增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 If net aboveground productivity increases with genotypic diversity, more energy can be provided to more herbivorous arthropods, and the diversity of these herbivorous arthropods increases, followed by increased predators. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis.
		初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Primary productivity, nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability	性状独立互补效应 Trait-indepen-dent complementarity	在多基因型系统, 如果某些基因型的生态系统功能比它们在单基因型系统提高了, 但与基因型的功能性状无关, 而且不以抑制其他基因型的适合度为代价(不同基因型占据不重叠的生态位形成生态位互补或者基因型间存在正作用), 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecosystem functions of some genotypes are improved than that in the genotypic monoculture but are not related to the functional traits of the genotypes, and are also not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes (different genotypes occupy non-overlapping niches to form niche complementarities or have positive effects between genotypes). It is a positive effect. Please see section 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypothesis.
			性状依赖互补效应 Trait-dependent complementarity	在多基因型系统, 如果具有特殊功能性状基因型(比如, 特殊功能性状使得基因型间形成嵌套生态位)的生态功能比其在单基因型系统增加了, 且不以抑制其他基因型适合度为代价, 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecological functions of genotypes with special functional traits (for example, the nested niches formed between genotypes) are increased than those of genotypic monoculture, and not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes, the effect is positive. Please see section 1.2 the methods for testing this hypothesis.

效应类别(按生物学角度来分类) Types of genetic diversity effects (in terms of biology)	效应区别 The differences among types of genetic diversity effect	生态系统功能 Ecosystem functioning	相关机制假说 Hypothesis	假说内容 Content of hypothesis
加性效应 Additive effects	不同基因型对生态系统功能的效应是独立的、可加的; 基因型间相互作用不影响其生态系统功能效应。 The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are independent and additive, and the interactions among genotypes do not affect their effects on ecosystem functioning.	高营养级生物群落结构、初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Community structure of higher trophic levels, primary productivity, nutrientcycling and ecosystem stability	优势效应 Dominant effect	基因型多样性高的系统中包含对系统有利的基因型概率高于单基因型系统, 因此基因型多样性高有利于维持生态系统结构和功能。验证方法请见1.1和1.2节。 Systems with high genotypic diversity have a higher probability of containing genotypes beneficial to the system than those with single genotype, and thus high genotypic diversity is conducive to maintaining ecosystem structure and function. Please see sections 1.1 and 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypotheses.
非加性效应 Non-additive effects	不同基因型对生态系统功能效应是非独立的、不可加的; 基因型间相互作用对生态系统功能产生交互效应。The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are dependent and nonadditive, and the interactions among genotypes affect their effects on ecosystem functioning.	高营养级生物群落结构 Community structure of higher trophic levels	资源化假说 The resource specialization hypothesis	大多数植食性节肢动物表现出一定程度的食性偏好, 随着基因型多样性的增加, 相关联的植食性节肢动物多样性也增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 Most of the herbivorous arthropods showed food preference. With the increase of genotypic diversity, the diversity of associated herbivorous arthropods also increased. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis.
		高营养级生物群落结构 Community structure of higher trophic levels	更多个体假说 The more individuals hypothesis	如果地上净生产力随着基因型多样性升高, 那么能够提供更多的能量给更多植食性节肢动物, 这些植食性节肢动物多样性随之增加, 继而捕食者也会增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 If net aboveground productivity increases with genotypic diversity, more energy can be provided to more herbivorous arthropods, and the diversity of these herbivorous arthropods increases, followed by increased predators. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis.
		初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Primary productivity, nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability	性状独立互补效应 Trait-indepen-dent complementarity	在多基因型系统, 如果某些基因型的生态系统功能比它们在单基因型系统提高了, 但与基因型的功能性状无关, 而且不以抑制其他基因型的适合度为代价(不同基因型占据不重叠的生态位形成生态位互补或者基因型间存在正作用), 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecosystem functions of some genotypes are improved than that in the genotypic monoculture but are not related to the functional traits of the genotypes, and are also not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes (different genotypes occupy non-overlapping niches to form niche complementarities or have positive effects between genotypes). It is a positive effect. Please see section 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypothesis.
			性状依赖互补效应 Trait-dependent complementarity	在多基因型系统, 如果具有特殊功能性状基因型(比如, 特殊功能性状使得基因型间形成嵌套生态位)的生态功能比其在单基因型系统增加了, 且不以抑制其他基因型适合度为代价, 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecological functions of genotypes with special functional traits (for example, the nested niches formed between genotypes) are increased than those of genotypic monoculture, and not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes, the effect is positive. Please see section 1.2 the methods for testing this hypothesis.

[1]	吕自立, 刘彬, 常凤, 马紫荆, 曹秋梅. 巴音布鲁克高寒草甸植物功能多样性与生态系统多功能性关系沿海拔梯度的变化[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(6): 822-832.
[2]	王晓悦, 许艺馨, 李春环, 余海龙, 黄菊莹. 长期降水量变化下荒漠草原植物生物量、多样性的变化及其影响因素[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(4): 479-490.
[3]	冯可, 刘冬梅, 张琦, 安菁, 何双辉. 旅游干扰对松山油松林土壤微生物多样性及群落结构的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(4): 584-596.
[4]	席念勋, 张原野, 周淑荣. 群落生态学中的植物-土壤反馈研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(2): 170-182.
[5]	陈林康赵平王顶向蕊龙光强. 玉米马铃薯秸秆混合腐解的非加性效应研究[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(12): 1728-1738.
[6]	李杰, 郝珉辉, 范春雨, 张春雨, 赵秀海. 东北温带森林树种和功能多样性对生态系统多功能性的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2023, 47(11): 1507-1522.
[7]	樊凡, 赵联军, 马添翼, 熊心雨, 张远彬, 申小莉, 李晟. 川西王朗亚高山暗针叶林25.2 hm²动态监测样地物种组成与群落结构特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(9): 1005-1017.
[8]	冯继广, 张秋芳, 袁霞, 朱彪. 氮磷添加对土壤有机碳的影响: 进展与展望[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(8): 855-870.
[9]	陈天翌, 娄安如. 青藏高原东侧白桦种群的遗传多样性与遗传结构[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(5): 561-568.
[10]	谢育杭, 贾璞, 郑修坛, 李金天, 束文圣, 王宇涛. 驯化对作物微生物组多样性和群落结构的影响及作用途径[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(3): 249-266.
[11]	周亮, 杨君珑, 杨虎, 窦建德, 黄维, 李小伟. 宁夏蒙古扁桃群落特征与分类[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(2): 243-248.
[12]	黄侩侩, 胡刚, 庞庆玲, 张贝, 何业涌, 胡聪, 徐超昊, 张忠华. 放牧对中国亚热带喀斯特山地灌草丛物种组成与群落结构的影响[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(11): 1350-1363.
[13]	刘艳方, 王文颖, 索南吉, 周华坤, 毛旭锋, 王世雄, 陈哲. 青海海北植物群落类型与土壤线虫群落相互关系[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022, 46(1): 27-39.
[14]	聂秀青, 王冬, 周国英, 熊丰, 杜岩功. 三江源地区高寒湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷及其化学计量特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(9): 996-1005.
[15]	贺忠权, 刘长成, 蔡先立, 郭柯. 黔中高原喀斯特常绿与落叶阔叶混交林类型及群落特征[J]. 植物生态学报, 2021, 45(6): 670-680.