植物生态学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (10): 977-989.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0013
• 综述 • 下一篇
收稿日期:
2018-01-11
出版日期:
2018-10-20
发布日期:
2019-01-30
通讯作者:
韩广轩
基金资助:
Received:
2018-01-11
Online:
2018-10-20
Published:
2019-01-30
Contact:
Guang-Xuan HAN
Supported by:
摘要:
全球变化和人类活动导致物种生境的萎缩, 造成很多植物种群数量缩减, 遗传多样性快速丧失。对于物种多样性低的生态系统, 优势种的遗传多样性可能比物种多样性对生态系统功能产生更大的影响。因此, 了解遗传多样性和生态系统功能的关系(GD-EF)及其机制对生物多样性保护、应对环境变化和生态修复具有指导意义。该文综述了植物遗传多样性对生态系统结构(高营养级生物群落结构)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、养分循环和稳定性)的影响及机制、功能多样性对GD-EF的影响、遗传多样性效应和物种多样性效应的比较, 以及GD-EF在生态修复等实际应用的研究进展。最后指出当前研究的不足之处, 以期为后续研究提供参考: 1)还需深入研究GD-EF机制; 2)未评估遗传多样性对生态系统多功能性的影响; 3)不同遗传多样性测度对生态系统功能的影响不明确; 4)缺少长期的和多空间尺度结合的GD-EF实验; 5)遗传多样性效应相对于其他因子的作用不清楚。
张俪文, 韩广轩. 植物遗传多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究进展. 植物生态学报, 2018, 42(10): 977-989. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0013
ZHANG Li-Wen, HAN Guang-Xuan. A review on the relationships between plant genetic diversity and ecosystem functioning. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2018, 42(10): 977-989. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2018.0013
名词术语 Glossary | 解释 Explanation |
---|---|
遗传多样性 Genetic diversity | 种群内个体间遗传变异的程度。 The degree of genetic variation among individuals in a population. |
基因丰富度 Allelic richness | 所检测位点上等位基因的平均数目。 The average number of alleles detected at the detected locus. |
基因多样性 Allelic diversity | 包含位点上基因数目和频率信息的一类遗传多样性指数, 比如: Shannon信息指数和期望杂合度。 A class of genetic diversity indices containing information about the number and frequency of genes at a locus, such as: Shannon information index and expected heterozygosity. |
基因型 Genotype | 一个个体在指定数量的位点上等位基因的组成。 The composition of alleles of an individual at a specified number of loci. |
基因型丰富度 Genotypic richness | 一个种群中基因型的数目。 The number of genotypes in a population. |
基因型均匀度 Genotypic eveness | 基因型多度的分布。如果一个种群中各基因型多度等同, 那么基因型均匀度为1; 如果一个种群只有一个基因型, 那么该种群基因型均匀度为0。 The distribution of genotypic abundance. The genotype evenness is 1 if genotypic abundance is equal in a population, and 0 if there is only one genotype in a population. |
基因型相异度 Genotypic dissimilarity | 一个种群中两两基因型间遗传距离的平均值。 The average genetic distance between two genotypes in a population. |
基因型亲缘度 Genotypic relatedness | 与基因型相异度相反, 指一个种群中两两基因型间亲缘程度的平均值。对于植物微卫星分子标记数据, 二倍体可以用STORM软件( The average value of relatedness between two genotypes in a population, which is contrary to genotypic dissimilarity. For plant microsatellite marker data, genotypic relatedness of diploids can be calculated with STORM software ( |
适应性遗传多样性 Adaptive genetic diversity | 适应性遗传多样性是通过改变表达蛋白质的数量或结构或表达时间来影响表型以帮助个体适应环境或者提高个体适合度的变异。一般采用已知遗传关系的个体(比如, 来自同一母株种子生长的个体)开展同质园数量遗传实验进行估算, 但是这个方法比较费时费力费钱; 另外一种方法是开发和筛选出适应性分子标记来测定其遗传变异。 Adaptive genetic diversity is the variation that affects phenotypes by altering the number or structure of expressed proteins or the expression time to help individuals adapt to the environment or improve their fitness. Quantitative genetic common garden experiments are usually conducted to estimate the adaptive gentic variation by using individuals with known genetic relationships (e.g., individuals from seeds of the same mother tree), but this method is time-consuming and costly; another method is to develop and select adaptive molecular markers to determine their genetic variation. |
中性遗传多样性 Neutral genetic diversity | 中性遗传多样性是由不影响表型的序列变异组成。中性遗传多样性和适应性遗传多样性也可能有相关性, 原因是采用的中性分子标记位点与适应性遗传变异可能存在连锁不平衡的情况。 Neutral genetic diversity is composed of sequence variations that do not affect phenotypes. Neutral genetic diversity and adaptive genetic diversity may also be correlated, because there may be linkage imbalance between the neutral molecular marker loci and adaptive genetic variation. |
品种 Cultivar | 为特定的某一性状或若干性状的组合而选择出来的植物集合体, 在这些性状上是特异、一致、稳定的, 并且通过适当的有性或无性方式繁殖时仍保持这些性状。 Plants were selected for a particular trait or combination of several specific traits, and these traits are specific, consistent, and stable, and retained when propagated sexually or asexually. |
近交衰退 Inbreeding depression | 由于近交(自交和亲缘个体间的异交)导致后代适合度下降的现象, 产生的主要原因是由于近交增加了有害等位基因的纯合几率。 Inbreeding (selfing and outcrossing between related individuals) results in a decrease in fitness of offspring, mainly because inbreeding increases the probability of harmful homozygous alleles. |
远交衰退 Outbreeding depression | 不同生境的种群个体, 各自拥有适应当地生境的特有等位基因组合, 如果它们相互之间杂交(交配)将可能打破这种组合, 引起后代适应能力降低。 Individuals from different habitats have specific allele combinations adapted to local habitats. If they cross breeding (mate) with each other, they may break the specific allele combinations and reduce the adaptability of their offspring. |
功能多样性 Functional diversity | 植物个体水平上的形态、生理以及生活史特征等功能性状通过影响植物存活能力、生长和繁殖来影响其适合度, 这些功能性状特征值的大小、范围和分布状况称为功能多样性。 Functional traits such as morphology, physiology and life history at the individual level affect plant fitness by affecting its survival, growth and reproduction. The size, range and distribution of these functional trait values are called functional diversity. |
奠基者多样性 Founder diversity | 这里指的是, 在种群保护或者生态修复中, 所引物种种群的遗传多样性。奠基者效应是指由少数个体的基因频率决定了它们后代基因频率的效应。 This refers to the genetic diversity of founder in population conservation or ecological restoration. Founder effect is the gene frequency of a small number of individuals determines the gene frequency of their offspring. |
系统发育多样性 Phylogenetic diversity | 群落中物种的系统发育树形图(表示物种之间的亲缘关系)中所有分枝长度之和。 The sum of all the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree of species in a community (representing the relatedness between species). |
表1 植物遗传多样性与生态系统功能关系的相关术语解释
Table 1 The explanation of the plant genetic diversity-ecological functioning glossary
名词术语 Glossary | 解释 Explanation |
---|---|
遗传多样性 Genetic diversity | 种群内个体间遗传变异的程度。 The degree of genetic variation among individuals in a population. |
基因丰富度 Allelic richness | 所检测位点上等位基因的平均数目。 The average number of alleles detected at the detected locus. |
基因多样性 Allelic diversity | 包含位点上基因数目和频率信息的一类遗传多样性指数, 比如: Shannon信息指数和期望杂合度。 A class of genetic diversity indices containing information about the number and frequency of genes at a locus, such as: Shannon information index and expected heterozygosity. |
基因型 Genotype | 一个个体在指定数量的位点上等位基因的组成。 The composition of alleles of an individual at a specified number of loci. |
基因型丰富度 Genotypic richness | 一个种群中基因型的数目。 The number of genotypes in a population. |
基因型均匀度 Genotypic eveness | 基因型多度的分布。如果一个种群中各基因型多度等同, 那么基因型均匀度为1; 如果一个种群只有一个基因型, 那么该种群基因型均匀度为0。 The distribution of genotypic abundance. The genotype evenness is 1 if genotypic abundance is equal in a population, and 0 if there is only one genotype in a population. |
基因型相异度 Genotypic dissimilarity | 一个种群中两两基因型间遗传距离的平均值。 The average genetic distance between two genotypes in a population. |
基因型亲缘度 Genotypic relatedness | 与基因型相异度相反, 指一个种群中两两基因型间亲缘程度的平均值。对于植物微卫星分子标记数据, 二倍体可以用STORM软件( The average value of relatedness between two genotypes in a population, which is contrary to genotypic dissimilarity. For plant microsatellite marker data, genotypic relatedness of diploids can be calculated with STORM software ( |
适应性遗传多样性 Adaptive genetic diversity | 适应性遗传多样性是通过改变表达蛋白质的数量或结构或表达时间来影响表型以帮助个体适应环境或者提高个体适合度的变异。一般采用已知遗传关系的个体(比如, 来自同一母株种子生长的个体)开展同质园数量遗传实验进行估算, 但是这个方法比较费时费力费钱; 另外一种方法是开发和筛选出适应性分子标记来测定其遗传变异。 Adaptive genetic diversity is the variation that affects phenotypes by altering the number or structure of expressed proteins or the expression time to help individuals adapt to the environment or improve their fitness. Quantitative genetic common garden experiments are usually conducted to estimate the adaptive gentic variation by using individuals with known genetic relationships (e.g., individuals from seeds of the same mother tree), but this method is time-consuming and costly; another method is to develop and select adaptive molecular markers to determine their genetic variation. |
中性遗传多样性 Neutral genetic diversity | 中性遗传多样性是由不影响表型的序列变异组成。中性遗传多样性和适应性遗传多样性也可能有相关性, 原因是采用的中性分子标记位点与适应性遗传变异可能存在连锁不平衡的情况。 Neutral genetic diversity is composed of sequence variations that do not affect phenotypes. Neutral genetic diversity and adaptive genetic diversity may also be correlated, because there may be linkage imbalance between the neutral molecular marker loci and adaptive genetic variation. |
品种 Cultivar | 为特定的某一性状或若干性状的组合而选择出来的植物集合体, 在这些性状上是特异、一致、稳定的, 并且通过适当的有性或无性方式繁殖时仍保持这些性状。 Plants were selected for a particular trait or combination of several specific traits, and these traits are specific, consistent, and stable, and retained when propagated sexually or asexually. |
近交衰退 Inbreeding depression | 由于近交(自交和亲缘个体间的异交)导致后代适合度下降的现象, 产生的主要原因是由于近交增加了有害等位基因的纯合几率。 Inbreeding (selfing and outcrossing between related individuals) results in a decrease in fitness of offspring, mainly because inbreeding increases the probability of harmful homozygous alleles. |
远交衰退 Outbreeding depression | 不同生境的种群个体, 各自拥有适应当地生境的特有等位基因组合, 如果它们相互之间杂交(交配)将可能打破这种组合, 引起后代适应能力降低。 Individuals from different habitats have specific allele combinations adapted to local habitats. If they cross breeding (mate) with each other, they may break the specific allele combinations and reduce the adaptability of their offspring. |
功能多样性 Functional diversity | 植物个体水平上的形态、生理以及生活史特征等功能性状通过影响植物存活能力、生长和繁殖来影响其适合度, 这些功能性状特征值的大小、范围和分布状况称为功能多样性。 Functional traits such as morphology, physiology and life history at the individual level affect plant fitness by affecting its survival, growth and reproduction. The size, range and distribution of these functional trait values are called functional diversity. |
奠基者多样性 Founder diversity | 这里指的是, 在种群保护或者生态修复中, 所引物种种群的遗传多样性。奠基者效应是指由少数个体的基因频率决定了它们后代基因频率的效应。 This refers to the genetic diversity of founder in population conservation or ecological restoration. Founder effect is the gene frequency of a small number of individuals determines the gene frequency of their offspring. |
系统发育多样性 Phylogenetic diversity | 群落中物种的系统发育树形图(表示物种之间的亲缘关系)中所有分枝长度之和。 The sum of all the branch lengths in a phylogenetic tree of species in a community (representing the relatedness between species). |
效应类别(按生物学角度来分类) Types of genetic diversity effects (in terms of biology) | 效应区别 The differences among types of genetic diversity effect | 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functioning | 相关机制 假说 Hypothesis | 假说内容 Content of hypothesis |
---|---|---|---|---|
加性效应 Additive effects | 不同基因型对生态系统功能的效应是独立的、可加的; 基因型间相互作用不影响其生态系统功能效应。 The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are independent and additive, and the interactions among genotypes do not affect their effects on ecosystem functioning. | 高营养级生物群落 结构、初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Community structure of higher trophic levels, primary productivity, nutrientcycling and ecosystem stability | 优势效应 Dominant effect | 基因型多样性高的系统中包含对系统有利的基因型概率高于单基因型系统, 因此基因型多样性高有利于维持生态系统结构和功能。验证方法请见1.1和1.2节。 Systems with high genotypic diversity have a higher probability of containing genotypes beneficial to the system than those with single genotype, and thus high genotypic diversity is conducive to maintaining ecosystem structure and function. Please see sections 1.1 and 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypotheses. |
非加性效应 Non-additive effects | 不同基因型对生态系统功能效应是非独立的、不可加的; 基因型间相互作用对生态系统功能产生交互效应。The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are dependent and nonadditive, and the interactions among genotypes affect their effects on ecosystem functioning. | 高营养级生物群落结构 Community structure of higher trophic levels | 资源化假说 The resource specialization hypothesis | 大多数植食性节肢动物表现出一定程度的食性偏好, 随着基因型多样性的增加, 相关联的植食性节肢动物多样性也增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 Most of the herbivorous arthropods showed food preference. With the increase of genotypic diversity, the diversity of associated herbivorous arthropods also increased. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis. |
更多个体假说 The more individuals hypothesis | 如果地上净生产力随着基因型多样性升高, 那么能够提供更多的能量给更多植食性节肢动物, 这些植食性节肢动物多样性随之增加, 继而捕食者也会增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 If net aboveground productivity increases with genotypic diversity, more energy can be provided to more herbivorous arthropods, and the diversity of these herbivorous arthropods increases, followed by increased predators. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis. | |||
初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Primary productivity, nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability | 性状独立互补效应 Trait-indepen-dent complementarity | 在多基因型系统, 如果某些基因型的生态系统功能比它们在单基因型系统提高了, 但与基因型的功能性状无关, 而且不以抑制其他基因型的适合度为代价(不同基因型占据不重叠的生态位形成生态位互补或者基因型间存在正作用), 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecosystem functions of some genotypes are improved than that in the genotypic monoculture but are not related to the functional traits of the genotypes, and are also not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes (different genotypes occupy non-overlapping niches to form niche complementarities or have positive effects between genotypes). It is a positive effect. Please see section 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypothesis. | ||
性状依赖互补效应 Trait-dependent complementarity | 在多基因型系统, 如果具有特殊功能性状基因型(比如, 特殊功能性状使得基因型间形成嵌套生态位)的生态功能比其在单基因型系统增加了, 且不以抑制其他基因型适合度为代价, 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecological functions of genotypes with special functional traits (for example, the nested niches formed between genotypes) are increased than those of genotypic monoculture, and not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes, the effect is positive. Please see section 1.2 the methods for testing this hypothesis. |
表2 主要遗传多样性-生态系统功能关系机制假说
Table 2 Main genetic diversity-ecosystem functioning hypotheses
效应类别(按生物学角度来分类) Types of genetic diversity effects (in terms of biology) | 效应区别 The differences among types of genetic diversity effect | 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functioning | 相关机制 假说 Hypothesis | 假说内容 Content of hypothesis |
---|---|---|---|---|
加性效应 Additive effects | 不同基因型对生态系统功能的效应是独立的、可加的; 基因型间相互作用不影响其生态系统功能效应。 The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are independent and additive, and the interactions among genotypes do not affect their effects on ecosystem functioning. | 高营养级生物群落 结构、初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Community structure of higher trophic levels, primary productivity, nutrientcycling and ecosystem stability | 优势效应 Dominant effect | 基因型多样性高的系统中包含对系统有利的基因型概率高于单基因型系统, 因此基因型多样性高有利于维持生态系统结构和功能。验证方法请见1.1和1.2节。 Systems with high genotypic diversity have a higher probability of containing genotypes beneficial to the system than those with single genotype, and thus high genotypic diversity is conducive to maintaining ecosystem structure and function. Please see sections 1.1 and 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypotheses. |
非加性效应 Non-additive effects | 不同基因型对生态系统功能效应是非独立的、不可加的; 基因型间相互作用对生态系统功能产生交互效应。The effects of different genotypes on ecosystem functioning are dependent and nonadditive, and the interactions among genotypes affect their effects on ecosystem functioning. | 高营养级生物群落结构 Community structure of higher trophic levels | 资源化假说 The resource specialization hypothesis | 大多数植食性节肢动物表现出一定程度的食性偏好, 随着基因型多样性的增加, 相关联的植食性节肢动物多样性也增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 Most of the herbivorous arthropods showed food preference. With the increase of genotypic diversity, the diversity of associated herbivorous arthropods also increased. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis. |
更多个体假说 The more individuals hypothesis | 如果地上净生产力随着基因型多样性升高, 那么能够提供更多的能量给更多植食性节肢动物, 这些植食性节肢动物多样性随之增加, 继而捕食者也会增加。验证方法请见1.1节。 If net aboveground productivity increases with genotypic diversity, more energy can be provided to more herbivorous arthropods, and the diversity of these herbivorous arthropods increases, followed by increased predators. Please see Section 1.1 for the methods for testing this hypothesis. | |||
初级生产力、养分循环、生态系统稳定性 Primary productivity, nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability | 性状独立互补效应 Trait-indepen-dent complementarity | 在多基因型系统, 如果某些基因型的生态系统功能比它们在单基因型系统提高了, 但与基因型的功能性状无关, 而且不以抑制其他基因型的适合度为代价(不同基因型占据不重叠的生态位形成生态位互补或者基因型间存在正作用), 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecosystem functions of some genotypes are improved than that in the genotypic monoculture but are not related to the functional traits of the genotypes, and are also not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes (different genotypes occupy non-overlapping niches to form niche complementarities or have positive effects between genotypes). It is a positive effect. Please see section 1.2 for the methods for testing this hypothesis. | ||
性状依赖互补效应 Trait-dependent complementarity | 在多基因型系统, 如果具有特殊功能性状基因型(比如, 特殊功能性状使得基因型间形成嵌套生态位)的生态功能比其在单基因型系统增加了, 且不以抑制其他基因型适合度为代价, 则为正效应。验证方法请见1.2节。 In genotypic mixture, if the ecological functions of genotypes with special functional traits (for example, the nested niches formed between genotypes) are increased than those of genotypic monoculture, and not at the expense of inhibiting the fitness of other genotypes, the effect is positive. Please see section 1.2 the methods for testing this hypothesis. |
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