海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林雨季的环境特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00137

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林中热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林群落为对象, 分析了热带云雾林雨季光照、空气湿度、空气温度、土壤和地形特征, 为分析生物多样性、生态系统功能及其对气候变化的反应等生态学过程奠定基础。结果表明: 热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林在一天中的光合有效辐射呈单峰曲线变化, 热带山地常绿林各时段的光合有效辐射显著低于热带山顶矮林; 5-10月两群落类型日平均空气温度分别为(21.76 ± 2.44) ℃和(19.33 ± 1.03) ℃, 且随时间变化呈单峰曲线, 热带山地常绿林日平均空气温度显著高于热带山顶矮林; 5-10月两群落类型日平均空气相对湿度分别为(88.44 ± 2.90)%和(97.71 ± 0.80)%, 且随时间变化呈倒“S”型曲线, 热带山地常绿林各月日平均空气相对湿度显著小于热带山顶矮林; 与热带山顶矮林相比, 热带山地常绿林的土壤全氮、全磷、速效氮、有机质、pH和土壤厚度显著大, 而全钾和有效磷含量显著低; 热带山地常绿林的坡度、岩石裸露比例和海拔高度显著小于热带山顶矮林, 地形因子与其他生态因子显著相关; 主成分和相关性分析表明: 空气温度、有效磷、全钾、全氮及地形因子对热带云雾林植被分布有重要影响。

关键词: 空气温度, 光合有效辐射, 相对湿度, 土壤因子, 地形因子, 热带山顶矮林, 热带山地常绿林

Abstract:

Aims Tropical cloud forest, a seldom-studied but important type of tropical forest vegetation, is usually distributed around mountaintops and is characterized by unusual environmental conditions that determine its unique biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Our objective was to explore the characteristics of solar irradiance, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil conditions and topographic conditions during the rainy season in two tropical cloud forest communities: tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF).
Methods Based on surveyed environmental data of TMEF and TMDF in Bawangling National Natural Reserve in Hainan Island of South China, we assessed differences in environmental conditions between the two cloud forests, and examined correlations among the environmental conditions, using principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis.
Important findings Daily photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) showed a unimodal curve both in TMEF and TMDF, but PAR in TMEF was significantly lower than in TMDF. From May to October, mean daily air temperature differed significantly between TMEF and TMDF and showed a unimodal curve in the two forests, with average values of (21.76 ± 2.44) °C and (19.33 ± 1.03) °C, respectively. Additionally, mean daily relative humidity differed significantly between TMEF and TMDF and showed an inverse “S” curve; average values were (88.44 ± 2.90)% and (97.71 ± 0.80)%, respectively. TMEF had higher total nitrogen, total phosphorous, available nitrogen, organic matter, pH and soil thickness, but lower total potassium and available phosphorous than TMDF. Slope, cover of exposed rock and altitude were lower in TMEF than TMDF, and were significantly correlated with other ecological factors. Principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that air temperature, available phosphorous, total potassium, total nitrogen and the three topographic factors were predictors of distribution of these tropical cloud forests.

Key words: air temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, relative humidity, soil factor, topographic factor, tropical montane dwarf forest, tropical montane evergreen forest

龙文兴, 丁易, 臧润国, 杨民, 陈少伟. 海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林雨季的环境特征. 植物生态学报, 2011, 35(2): 137-146. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00137

LONG Wen-Xing, DING Yi, ZANG Run-Guo, YANG Min, CHEN Shao-Wei. Environmental characteristics of tropical cloud forests in the rainy season in Bawangling National Nature Reserve on Hainan Island, South China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2011, 35(2): 137-146. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00137

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00137

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2011/V35/I2/137

图/表 7

表1 热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林研究样地比较(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 1 Comparison of study sites between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF) (mean ± SD)

研究样地 Study site	海拔 Altitude (m)	郁闭度 Canopy density	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	植株密度 Stem density (stems·100 m^-2)	基面积 Basal area (m²·100 m^-2)	物种丰富度 Species richness
热带山地常绿林 TMEF	1 200 ± 4.34	>0.7	5.55 ± 0.59	52.2 ± 6.4	0.43 ± 0.16	18.6 ± 2.3
热带山顶矮林 TMDF	1 300 ± 8.52	0.5-0.7	4.01 ± 0.58	115.3 ± 24.5	0.25 ± 0.09	29.7 ± 1.5

图1 热带山地常绿林(TMEF)和热带山顶矮林(TMDF)间光合有效辐射(PAR)和日平均空气温度湿度的比较(平均值±标准误差)。A, 光合有效辐射。B, 日平均空气温度。C, 日平均空气相对湿度。不同字母(a, b)表示两者有显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Comparisons in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), mean daily air temperature and air relative humidity between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF) (mean ± SE). A, Photosynthetically active radiation. B, Mean daily air temperature. C, Mean daily relative humidity. Different letters (a, b) indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.

表2 热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林土壤因子比较(平均值±标准偏差)

Table 2 Comparison in soil factors between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF) (mean ± SD)

土壤因子 Soil factor	植被类型 Forest type		土壤因子 Soil factor	植被类型 Forest type
土壤因子 Soil factor	热带山地常绿林 TMEF	热带山顶矮林 TMDF	土壤因子 Soil factor	热带山地常绿林 TMEF	热带山顶矮林 TMDF
全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	2.25 ± 0.59^a	1.15 ± 0.38^b	有效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	21.97 ± 1.39^a	31.97 ± 13.79^a
全磷 Total phosphorous (g·kg^-1)	0.79 ± 0.14^a	0.49 ± 0.32^b	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	64.87 ± 22.23^a	36.71 ± 12.99^b
全钾 Total potassium (g·kg^-1)	12.68 ± 1.67^b	65.31 ± 12.50^a	pH	4.44 ± 0.29^a	3.96 ± 0.19^b
速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	153.02 ± 28.10^a	84.50 ± 15.44^b	腐殖质厚度 Humus thickness (cm)	8.75 ± 0.67^a	9.15 ± 1.22^a
有效磷 Available phosphorous (mg·kg^-1)	11.00 ± 1.65^b	19.46 ± 4.25^a	土壤厚度 Soil thickness (cm)	65.35 ± 8.63^a	54.90 ± 8.55^b

图2 热带山地常绿林(TMEF)和热带山顶矮林(TMDF)地形因子的比较。A, 坡度。B, 岩石裸露比例。C, 海拔高度。箱线图上不同字母(a, b)表示两者有显著差异(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Comparison in topographic conditions between tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF).A, Slope. B, Coverage of exposed rock. C, Altitude. Different letters (a, b) above the boxplot indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.

图3 热带山地常绿林(TMEF)和热带山顶矮林(TMDF)样方随环境变量变化的PCA排序图。AK, 有效钾; Alt, 海拔高度; AN, 速效氮; AP, 有效磷; CER, 岩石裸露比例; HT, 腐殖质厚度; OM, 有机质; PAR, 光合有效辐射; RH, 日平均空气相对湿度; Slo, 坡度; ST, 土壤厚度; Tem, 日平均空气温度; TK, 全钾; TN, 全氮; TP, 全磷。

Fig. 3 Biplot of principal component analysis (PCA) showing changes in environmental variables across tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF).AK, available potassium; Alt, altitude; AN, available nitrogen; AP, available phosphorus; CER, coverage of exposed rock; HT, humus thickness; OM, organic matter; PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; RH, mean daily air relative humidity; Slo, slope gradient; ST, soil thickness; Tem, mean daily air temperature; TK, total potassium; TN, total nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus.

表3 主成分分析(PCA)中各环境变量在前两个排序轴的负荷值及解释方差

Table 3 The loadings and explained variance of environmental variables in the first two axes in principal component analysis (PCA)

环境变量 Environmental variables	PCA1	PCA2	PCA3	PCA4
海拔高度 Altitude (m)	0.86	0.23	-0.32	0.07
日平均空气相对湿度 Mean daily air relative humidity (%)	0.85	-0.10	-0.45	-0.01
日平均空气温度 Mean daily air temperature (℃)	-0.98	-0.07	-0.12	-0.004
坡度 Slope gradient (o)	0.90	-0.01	0.34	0.11
岩石裸露比例 Coverage of exposed rock (%)	0.92	-0.09	-0.28	0.06
土壤厚度 Soil thickness (cm)	-0.48	-0.58	0.34	0.23
腐殖质厚度 Humus thickness (cm)	0.53	0.56	0.46	0.17
光合有效辐射 Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR (μmol?m^-2?s^-1)	0.49	-0.76	-0.15	0.04
全氮 Total nitrogen (g?kg^-1)	-0.78	0.08	-0.27	0.25
全磷 Total phosphorus (g?kg^-1)	-0.42	0.53	-0.53	0.30
全钾 Total potassium (g?kg^-1)	0.87	0.16	0.34	0.001
速效氮 Available nitrogen (mg?kg^-1)	-0.45	-0.01	-0.15	-0.51
有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg?kg^-1)	0.90	-0.14	-0.33	-0.002
有效钾 Available potassium (mg?kg^-1)	0.61	-0.08	-0.16	0.11
有机质 Organic matter (g?kg^-1)	-0.65	-0.31	-0.07	0.43
pH	-0.75	0.24	-0.05	0.04
特征值 Eigenvalue	8.76	1.80	1.49	1.11
方差比例 Proportion of variance	0.547	0.113	0.090	0.070
累积方差比例 Proportion of cumulative variance	0.547	0.660	0.753	0.822

图4 热带山地常绿林(TMEF)和热带山顶矮林(TMDF)环境因子间的相关性分析: 相关图解为环境因子间的相关系数及其显著性。该图是将热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林的环境因子数据合并后的相关性分析结果。AK, 有效钾(mg·kg-1); Alt, 海拔高度(m); AN, 速效氮(mg·kg-1); AP, 有效磷(mg·kg-1); CER, 岩石裸露比例(%); HT, 腐殖质厚度(cm); OM, 有机质(g·kg-1); PAR, 光合有效辐射(μmol?m-2?s-1); RH, 日平均空气相对湿度(%); Slo, 坡度(o); ST, 土壤厚度(cm); Tem, 日平均空气温度(℃); TK, 全钾(g·kg-1); TN, 全氮(g·kg-1); TP, 全磷(g·kg-1)。*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; 无*的数字表示 p > 0.05。

Fig. 4 Correlation among environmental conditions in both tropical montane evergreen forest (TMEF) and tropical montane dwarf forest (TMDF), indicating correlation coefficients of environmental factors and their significance. The figure was obtained with correlation analysis after combining environmental data of TMEF and TMDF.AK, available potassium (mg·kg-1); Alt, altitude (m); AN, available nitrogen (mg·kg-1); AP, available phosphorous (mg·kg-1); CER, coverage of exposed rock (%); HT, humus thickness (cm); OM, organic matter (g·kg-1); PAR, photosynthetically active radiation (μmol ? m-2 ? s-1); RH, mean daily air relative humidity (%); Slo, slope gradient (o); ST, soil thickness (cm); Tem, mean daily air temperature (℃); TK, total potassium (g·kg-1); TN, total nitrogen (g·kg-1); TP, total phosphorus (g·kg-1). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; figures without * indicate p > 0.05.

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