计划火烧对红松人工林生物多样性与生态系统多功能性关系的影响

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2024.0035

植物生态学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 379-392.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0035 cstr: 32100.14.cjpe.2024.0035

所属专题：生物多样性

计划火烧对红松人工林生物多样性与生态系统多功能性关系的影响

李冬梅, 孙龙, 韩宇, 胡同欣, 杨光, 蔡慧颖^*()

东北林业大学林学院, 哈尔滨 150040; 东北林业大学森林生态系统可持续经营教育部重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150040

收稿日期:2024-02-02 接受日期:2024-06-14 出版日期:2025-03-20 发布日期:2024-06-17
通讯作者: * 蔡慧颖(caihy0606@126.com)
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32071777);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2572021BA04)

Impact of prescribed burning on biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality of Pinus koraiensis plantation

LI Dong-Mei, SUN Long, HAN Yu, HU Tong-Xin, YANG Guang, CAI Hui-Ying^*()

College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; and Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Received:2024-02-02 Accepted:2024-06-14 Online:2025-03-20 Published:2024-06-17
Contact: * CAI Hui-Ying(caihy0606@126.com)
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071777);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572021BA04)

1. 附录计划火烧对红松人工林林下植物多样性(物种多样性、功能多样性、数量性状、效率性状)和土壤微生物多样性的影响.pdf(462KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物多样性在调节生态系统功能方面发挥着重要作用。火是森林生态系统中的重要干扰因子, 森林地上、地下生物多样性和生态系统功能会因火的作用发生显著变化。然而, 对于计划火烧后生物多样性如何影响森林生物量积累和养分可利用性等相关生态系统功能(即: 生态系统多功能性(EMF))的认识仍知之甚少。该研究选择了黑龙江省鹤岗市红旗林场2018年开展计划火烧的红松(Pinus koraiensis)人工林, 在火后4年林内环境趋于稳定时, 使用结构方程模型评估了计划火烧后林下植物多样性(物种多样性、功能多样性、效率性状和数量性状)和土壤微生物(真菌和细菌)多样性与EMF的关系, 发现计划火烧增加了林下植物多样性和EMF。植物多样性中数量性状(单位面积叶片总氮含量)和功能多样性(叶干物质含量的功能分散指数)与EMF均显著正相关, 地下微生物多样性对EMF的作用不显著。计划火烧对EMF变异的解释度最高(33.7%), 其次是数量性状(27.5%)和功能多样性(13.9%)。研究结果表明, 在红松人工林, 增加群落内林下植被的养分积累和植物性状的多样性是提高计划火烧后EMF的有效策略。在全球变化背景下的森林管理中, 计划火烧不仅是降低森林火险的有效方式, 同时也将对维护林下植被生物多样性和EMF起到积极作用。

关键词: 林下植物多样性, 土壤微生物多样性, 选择效应, 生态位互补效应, 数量性状

Abstract:

Aims Biodiversity plays an important role in regulating ecosystem functioning. Fire is an important ecological factor in forest ecosystems, and can significantly affects both above- and below-ground biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functions. However, how biodiversity affects ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) after prescribed burning, such as forest biomass accumulation and nutrient availability, is still less understood.
Methods In this study, we investigated Pinus koraiensis plantations in Hongqi Forestry Farm, Hegang, Heilongjiang, four years after the prescribed burning was conducted in 2018 (when the forest environment has stabilized). We used structural equation modeling to assess the relationships of understory plant diversity (species and functional diversity, efficiency and quantity traits) and soil microbial diversity (fungi and bacteria) with EMF.
Important findings We found that prescribed burning increased both understory plant diversity and EMF. Out of various above and belowground diversity metrics, Trait_quantity (i.e., total leaf nitrogen per unit area) and functional diversity (i.e., functional dispersion (FDis) based on leaf dry matter content) were significantly and positively correlated with EMF, while the effect of belowground microbial diversity on EMF was not significant. The prescribed burning explained the highest proportion of variations in EMF (33.7%), followed by Trait_quantity (27.5%) and functional diversity (13.9%). The results suggest that in P. koraiensis plantations, enhancing nutrient accumulation and trait diversity in the understory layer is an effective strategy to improve EMF after prescribed burning. Meanwhile, in forest management in the context of global change, prescribed burning is not only an effective way to reduce forest fire risks, but may also play a positive role in maintaining understory biodiversity and EMF.

Key words: understory plant diversity, soil microbial diversity, selection effect, niche complementarity, quantity trait

李冬梅, 孙龙, 韩宇, 胡同欣, 杨光, 蔡慧颖. 计划火烧对红松人工林生物多样性与生态系统多功能性关系的影响. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(3): 379-392. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0035

LI Dong-Mei, SUN Long, HAN Yu, HU Tong-Xin, YANG Guang, CAI Hui-Ying. Impact of prescribed burning on biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality of Pinus koraiensis plantation. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2025, 49(3): 379-392. DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2024.0035

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链接本文: https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/10.17521/cjpe.2024.0035

https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2025/V49/I3/379

图/表 9

表1 黑龙江鹤岗红旗林场计划火烧实验研究样地的基本信息

Table 1 Basic information of the study plot of prescribed burning experiment in Hongqi Forest, Hegang, Heilongjiang

处理 Treatment	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡度 Slope (°)	林龄 Forest age (a)	平均树高 Mean tree height (m)	平均胸径 Mean diameter at breast height (cm)
计划火烧样地 Prescribed burning plot	215.0	19.0	59	10.5	26.5
对照样地 Control plot	219.1	21.0	58	11.2	26.2

图1 黑龙江鹤岗红旗林场计划火烧实验研究区概况图。

Fig. 1 Overview map of the prescribed burning experiment area in Hongqi Forest Farm, Hegang, Heilongjiang.

图2 计划火烧后林下植物多样性和土壤微生物多样性对生态系统多功能性影响的结构方程概念模型。括号中的数字表示每个假设路径的编号, 具体见表2。

Fig. 2 Structural equation model for the effects of understory plant diversity and soil microbial diversity on ecosystem multifunctionality after prescribed burning. Numbers in parentheses indicate the hypothetical path in Table 2. EMF, ecosystem multifunctionality.

表2 计划火烧后生物多样性对生态系统多功能性影响的结构方程概念模型中假设路径相关生态机制的简要描述

Table 2 A brief description of the ecological mechanisms associated with hypothetical pathways in a structural equation conceptual model of the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality following prescribed burning

路径序数 Pathway No.	假设路径 Hypothesized pathway	生态机制 Ecological mechanism
1	计划火烧→生态系统多功能性 Prescribed burning→ecosystem multifunctionality	计划火烧影响森林生态系统的养分循环和能量流动, 改变林内生物的生存环境, 影响森林生态系统多功能性 Prescribed burning affects the nutrient cycling and energy flow in forest ecosystems, alters the within forest environment, and affects the multifunctionality of forest ecosystems
2, 3, 5	计划火烧→数量性状、效率性状、功能/物种多样性 Prescribed burning→Trait_quantity, Trait_efficiency, functional/species diversity	计划火烧改变植物的生存环境, 进而影响物种组成、功能多样性、植物数量性状和效率性状 Prescribed burning alters plant habitat, which in turn affects species composition, functional diversity, plant Trait_quantity and Trait_efficiency
4	计划火烧→土壤微生物多样性 Prescribed burning→soil microbial diversity	计划火烧改变土壤微生物群落的组成和结构, 影响土壤微生物多样性 Prescribed burning alters the composition and structure of soil microbial communities and affects soil microbial diversity
6, 7, 8	数量性状、效率性状、功能/物种多样性→土壤微生物多样性 Trait_quantity, Trait_efficiency, functional/species diversity→soil microbial diversity	植物属性(即数量性状、效率性状、功能多样性和物种多样性)可决定土壤微生物群落的多样性 Plant attributes (i.e., Trait_quantity, Trait_efficiency, functional diversity and species diversity) can affect the diversity of soil microbial communities
9	数量性状→生态系统多功能性 Trait_quantity→ecosystem multifunctionality	单位土地面积的功能性状可以有效预测森林生态系统多功能性 Functional traits per unit area can be an effective predictor of forest ecosystem multifunctionality
10	效率性状→生态系统多功能性 Trait_efficiency→ecosystem multifunctionality	根据选择效应, 群落加权功能性状可以促进森林生态系统多功能性 Community weighted functional traits can promote multifunctionality of forest ecosystems through selection effects
11	土壤微生物多样性→生态系统多功能性 Soil microbial diversity→ecosystem multifunctionality	土壤微生物多样性和土壤群落组成影响森林生态系统的多功能性 Soil microbial diversity and soil community composition affect the multifunctionality of forest ecosystems
12	功能多样性/物种多样性→生态系统多功能性 Functional/species diversity→ecosystem multifunctionality	植物功能多样性和物种多样性通过生态位互补效应促进森林生态系统多功能性 Plant functional diversity and species diversity promote multifunctionality of forest ecosystems through niche complementary effects

表2 计划火烧后生物多样性对生态系统多功能性影响的结构方程概念模型中假设路径相关生态机制的简要描述

路径序数 Pathway No.	假设路径 Hypothesized pathway	生态机制 Ecological mechanism
1	计划火烧→生态系统多功能性 Prescribed burning→ecosystem multifunctionality	计划火烧影响森林生态系统的养分循环和能量流动, 改变林内生物的生存环境, 影响森林生态系统多功能性 Prescribed burning affects the nutrient cycling and energy flow in forest ecosystems, alters the within forest environment, and affects the multifunctionality of forest ecosystems
2, 3, 5	计划火烧→数量性状、效率性状、功能/物种多样性 Prescribed burning→Trait_quantity, Trait_efficiency, functional/species diversity	计划火烧改变植物的生存环境, 进而影响物种组成、功能多样性、植物数量性状和效率性状 Prescribed burning alters plant habitat, which in turn affects species composition, functional diversity, plant Trait_quantity and Trait_efficiency
4	计划火烧→土壤微生物多样性 Prescribed burning→soil microbial diversity	计划火烧改变土壤微生物群落的组成和结构, 影响土壤微生物多样性 Prescribed burning alters the composition and structure of soil microbial communities and affects soil microbial diversity
6, 7, 8	数量性状、效率性状、功能/物种多样性→土壤微生物多样性 Trait_quantity, Trait_efficiency, functional/species diversity→soil microbial diversity	植物属性(即数量性状、效率性状、功能多样性和物种多样性)可决定土壤微生物群落的多样性 Plant attributes (i.e., Trait_quantity, Trait_efficiency, functional diversity and species diversity) can affect the diversity of soil microbial communities
9	数量性状→生态系统多功能性 Trait_quantity→ecosystem multifunctionality	单位土地面积的功能性状可以有效预测森林生态系统多功能性 Functional traits per unit area can be an effective predictor of forest ecosystem multifunctionality
10	效率性状→生态系统多功能性 Trait_efficiency→ecosystem multifunctionality	根据选择效应, 群落加权功能性状可以促进森林生态系统多功能性 Community weighted functional traits can promote multifunctionality of forest ecosystems through selection effects
11	土壤微生物多样性→生态系统多功能性 Soil microbial diversity→ecosystem multifunctionality	土壤微生物多样性和土壤群落组成影响森林生态系统的多功能性 Soil microbial diversity and soil community composition affect the multifunctionality of forest ecosystems
12	功能多样性/物种多样性→生态系统多功能性 Functional/species diversity→ecosystem multifunctionality	植物功能多样性和物种多样性通过生态位互补效应促进森林生态系统多功能性 Plant functional diversity and species diversity promote multifunctionality of forest ecosystems through niche complementary effects

表3 计划火烧后红松人工林生态系统功能的变化(平均值±标准差)

Table 3 Changes of ecosystem functioning of Pinus koraiensis plantation after prescribed burning (mean ± SD)

生态系统功能 Ecosystem function	单位 Unit	对照样地 Control plot	计划火烧样地 Prescribed burning plot
生态系统多功能性 EMF	-	0.55 ± 0.06^b	0.74 ± 0.11^a
林下植被生物量 Understory biomass	g∙m^-2	12.05 ± 4.08^b	22.52 ± 8.15^a
凋落物生物量 Litter mass	g∙m^-2	198.93 ± 30.91^b	271.38 ± 71.99^a
土壤碳储量 Soil carbon storage	g∙m^-2	0.27 ± 0.04^a	0.32 ± 0.06^a
土壤铵态氮含量 Soil NH₄⁺-N content	mg∙kg^-1	16.85 ± 3.83^a	17.63 ± 3.46^a
土壤硝态氮含量 Soil NO₃^--N content	mg∙kg^-1	2.50 ± 0.78^b	3.84 ± 0.61^a

图3 红松人工林林下植物多样性(物种多样性、功能多样性、效率性状和数量性状)与生态系统多功能性(EMF)的相关性。CWMLDMC, 叶干物质含量的群落加权平均值; CWMLeaf-N, 叶片氮含量的群落加权平均值; CWMLeaf-P, 叶片磷含量的群落加权平均值; CWMMH, 最大株高的群落加权平均值; CWMSLA, 比叶面积的群落加权平均值; FDLDMC, 叶干物质含量的功能分散度指数; FDLeaf-N, 叶片氮含量的功能分散度指数; FDLeaf-P, 叶片磷含量的功能分散度指数; FDMH, 最大株高的功能分散度指数; FDSLA, 比叶面积的功能分散度指数; FDis, 功能离散度指数; FEve, 功能均匀度指数; FRic, 功能丰富度指数; LAI, 叶面积指数; LMI, 单位面积叶生物量; LNI, 单位面积叶总氮含量; LPI, 单位面积叶总磷含量; S, 物种丰富度; Shannon-Wiener, 香农-威纳指数; Simpson, 辛普森指数。

Fig. 3 Correlation between understory plant biodiversity (species diversity, functional diversity, Traitefficiency, Traitquantity) and ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) in Pinus koraiensis plantation. CWM, community weighted mean; CWMLDMC, CWM of leaf dry matter content; CWMLeaf-N, CWM of leaf nitrogen content; CWMLeaf-P, CWM of leaf phosphorus content; CWMMH, CWM of maximum height; CWMSLA, CWM of specific leaf area; FDLDMC, FDis based on leaf dry matter content; FDLeaf-N, FDis based on leaf nitrogen content; FDLeaf-P, FDis based on leaf phosphorus content; FDMH, FDis based on maximum height; FDSLA, FDis based on specific leaf area; FDis, functional dispersion; FEve, functional evenness; FRic, functional richness; LAI, leaf area index; LMI, leaf mass index; LNI, total leaf nitrogen content per unit area; LPI, total leaf phosphorus content per unit area; S, species richness.

图4 红松人工林地下生物多样性与生态系统多功能性(EMF)的相关性。

Fig. 4 Correlation between belowground biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality in Pinus koraiensis plantation. EMF, ecosystem multifunctionality.

图5 计划火烧、林下植物多样性(功能多样性、数量性状、效率性状)和土壤微生物多样性与生态系统多功能性的结构方程模型。实线箭头代表有效路径(p < 0.05), 虚线箭头代表非有效路径(p > 0.05)。线上数字表示标准化路径系数(*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001)。R2值代表每个变量解释的方差比例。CFI, 比较拟合指数; p, 显著性概率值; RMSEA, 渐进残差均方和平方根; SRMR, 标准均方根残差。

Fig. 5 Structural equation model for the effects of prescribed burning, understory plant diversity (functional diversity, Traitefficiency, Traitquantity) and soil microbial diversity on ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). Solid arrows represent significant pathways (p < 0.05) and dashed arrows represent non-significant pathways (p > 0.05). The figures on lines are standardized path coefficients (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). R2 value represents the proportion of variance explained for each response variable. CFI, comparative fit index; p, probability of significance value; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual. CWMLeaf-N, community weighted mean of leaf nitrogen content; FDLDMC, functional dispersion based on leaf dry matter content; LNI, total leaf nitrogen content per unit area.

图6 计划火烧、林下植物多样性(功能多样性、数量性状、效率性状)和土壤微生物多样性对生态系统多功能性的直接和间接影响(A)及相对贡献(B)。A中深色条表示直接影响, 浅色条表示间接影响。B为直接影响与间接影响之和绝对值的百分比。

Fig. 6 Direct and indirect effects (A) and relative contributions (B) of prescribed burning, understory plant diversity (functional diversity, Traitefficiency, Traitquantity) and soil microbial diversity to ecosystem multifunctionality. Dark colored bars indicate direct effects and light-colored bars indicate indirect effects in A. B are percentages of the absolute value of the sum of direct and indirect effects.

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计划火烧对红松人工林生物多样性与生态系统多功能性关系的影响

Impact of prescribed burning on biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality of Pinus koraiensis plantation

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