固氮植物绿豆对核桃幼苗生长、叶片气孔气体交换及水力特征的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00046

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用砂培方法, 在温室内将一年生核桃(Juglans regia)嫁接苗木和绿豆(Vigna radiata)进行间作, 研究绿豆对核桃苗木生长、水分平衡和光合特性的影响。该研究设有5种处理, 即: 对照(核桃单作, 正常供应氮素); 核桃单作, 不添加氮素; 核桃绿豆间作, 不添加氮素; 核桃绿豆间作, 正常供应氮素; 绿豆单作, 不添加氮素。结果显示: 种植绿豆可以增加土壤氮含量和核桃茎内氮含量, 但对核桃叶和根系中的氮含量影响不明显。种植绿豆显著增加不施氮核桃的高生长和直径生长, 但降低了正常供氮核桃的生长。无论种植绿豆与否, 不供氮处理降低了核桃的总叶面积, 提高了根冠比。核桃叶片气孔气体交换对各处理的响应和生长有相同的趋势。缺氮显著降低了核桃叶柄在中午的导水率、提高了导水损失率; 种植绿豆显著提高不供氮核桃的导水率而且明显降低了其导水损失率。然而, 种植绿豆使正常供氮的核桃降低了导水率, 加剧了导水损失率。同时, 绿豆受到间作的竞争压力, 产量和生物量有所下降。由研究结果可知, 在贫瘠的土壤上, 固氮植物绿豆改善了间作的核桃的氮营养, 有益于核桃木质部发育、水分平衡以及光合代谢。但是在氮充足的土壤中, 种植绿豆反而降低了核桃的水分供应, 影响其气体交换和生长。

关键词: 农林复合, 气体交换, 生长, 氮素营养, 导水损失率

Abstract:

Aims Our main purposes were to determine the effects of Vigna radiata, a nitrogen fixing plant, on growth, water balance and gas exchange of the intercropping Juglans regia seedlings and to investigate the hydraulic mechanism involved in photosynthesis and growth.
Methods We measured growth, hydraulic characteristics, and rate of gas exchange in J. regia seedlings, and analyzed the effects of the intercropping nitrogen fixing V. radiata on xylem anatomic structure, water balance and photosynthetic characteristics of J. regia seedlings under conditions of nitrogen deprivation and enrichment.
Important findings Under conditions of nitrogen deficiency, the nitrogen fixing V. radiata facilitated the growth of the intercropping J. regia seedlings by improving xylem development, water transport and hydraulic characteristics in high transpiration demand. However, with nitrogen addition, the occurrence of V. radiata inhibited the growth of J. regia seedlings, likely by competing for water and other elements.

Key words: agroforestry intercropping, gas exchanges, growth, nitrogen nutrition, percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC)

张翠萍,孟平,张劲松,万贤崇. 固氮植物绿豆对核桃幼苗生长、叶片气孔气体交换及水力特征的作用. 植物生态学报, 2014, 38(5): 499-506. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00046

ZHANG Cui-Ping,MENG Ping,ZHANG Jin-Song,WAN Xian-Chong. Effects of a nitrogen fixing plant Vigna radiata on growth, leaf stomatal gas exchange and hydraulic characteristics of the intercropping Juglans regia seedlings. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2014, 38(5): 499-506. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2014.00046

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https://www.plant-ecology.com/CN/Y2014/V38/I5/499

图/表 12

表1 氮处理营养液成分

Table 1 Composition of nutrient solutions with different rates of nitrogen (mmol·L-1)

营养元素 Nutrient	无氮处理 Nitrogen deficit	正常氮处理 Adequate nitrogen
KNO₃	-	2
K₂HPO₄	1	1
NH₄NO₃	-	2
(NH₄)₂SO₄	-	3
K₂SO₄	1	-
MgSO₄	2	2
CaSO₄	2	-
Ca(NO₃)₂	-	2

图1 不同处理土壤氮含量(平均值±标准误差)。CK, 核桃单作, 正常供氮素; T1, 核桃单作, 不添加氮素; T2, 核桃绿豆间作, 不添加氮素; T3, 核桃绿豆间作, 正常供应氮素; VCK, 绿豆单作, 不添加氮素。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 1 Nitrogen content in soil of different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, Juglans regia monocropping with ordinary nitrogen; T1, J. regia monocropping without nitrogen; T2, J. regia and Vigna radiata intercropping without nitrogen; T3, J. regia and V. radiata intercropping with ordinary nitrogen; VCK, V. radiata monocropping without nitrogen. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图2 核桃各器官中氮含量(平均值±标准误差)。CK、T1、T2、T3同图1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Nitrogen content in different organs of Juglans regia (mean ± SE). CK, T1, T2, T3 see Fig. 1. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图3 不同处理条件下核桃苗木的生长。CK、T1、T2、T3同图1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 3 Growth of Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments. CK, T1, T2, T3 see Fig. 1. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图4 不同处理条件下核桃苗木的叶面积。CK、T1、T2、T3同图1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Leaf area of Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments. CK, T1, T2, T3 see Fig. 1. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图5 不同处理条件下核桃苗木的根冠比。CK、T1、T2、T3同图1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Root:shoot of Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments. CK, T1, T2, T3 see Fig. 1. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图6 不同处理条件下绿豆的生长和产量。VCK、T2、T3同图1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 6 Biomass and yield of Vigna radiata under different treatments. VCK,T2, T3 see Fig. 1. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图7 核桃苗木在不同处理条件下气体交换的变异。CK、T1、T2、T3同图1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 7 Variation in gas exchanges of Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments. CK, T1, T2, T3 see Fig. 1. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图8 不同处理条件下核桃叶柄导水率和导水损失率。CK、T1、T2、T3同图1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(p < 0.05)。

Fig. 8 Variation in the hydraulic conductivity and percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) of Juglans regia petioles under different treatments. CK, T1, T2, T3 see Fig.1. Different small letters indicate significant differences among treatments (p < 0.05).

图9 绿豆根瘤。

Fig. 9 The rootnodule of mung bean.

图10 不同处理下核桃叶柄木质部导管显微结构研究。A, 核桃单作, 正常供氮素; B, 核桃绿豆间作, 不添加氮素; C, 核桃单作, 不添加氮素; D, 核桃绿豆间作, 正常供应氮素。

Fig. 10 Microstructure of petiole xylem vessel under different treatments. A, Juglans regia monocropping with ordinary nitrogen; B, J. regia and Vigna radiata intercropping without nitrogen; C, J. regia monocropping without nitrogen; D, J. regia and V. radiata intercropping with ordinary nitrogen.

表2 核桃苗木叶柄木质部导管结构特征(平均值±标准误差)

Table 2 Vessel structure in petiole xylem of Juglans regia seedlings under different treatments (mean ± SE)

	CK	T1	T2	T3
导管密度 Vessel density (mm^-2)	318 ± 41.35^a	260 ± 37.06^b	280 ± 46.19^ab	288 ± 24.39^ab
导管直径 Vessel diameter (μm)	28.43 ± 3.32^ab	21.13 ± 1.15^b	28.23 ± 1.31^ab	32.17 ± 2.19^a
最大导管直径 Max vessel diameter (μm)	45.41 ± 2.85^a	31.98 ± 2.38^c	39.70 ± 1.20^b	47.09 ± 0.83^a

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