Spatial turnover of shrubland communities and underlying factors in northern mid-subtropical China

doi:10.17521/cjpe.2022.0288

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Environmental factors are among the key factors governing the community species spatial turnover. As one of the widely distributed vegetation types in subtropical region of China, it is important to understand the species composition differences among shrubland communities, which will provide important information for protecting biodiversity and eco-security shield construction in the northern mid-subtropical region, China. However, little is known about which factors drive the species spatial turnover in subtropical region of China. The objectives of this study were to investigate the shrubland community spatial turnover pattern and to determine the key factors that shape the present distribution of species based on the field-based data in northern mid-subtropical China.
Methods Based on the field-based data in mid-subtropical shrublands, we used the generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) by the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index to explore the driving effects of climate, soil, topography, and human disturbance on species turnover of the shrubland communities in northern mid-subtropical China.
Important findings The results showed that climatic factors had significant effects on plant species turnover of the shrubland communities in northern mid-subtropical China. With the increase of altitude, slope, soil total nitrogen content and gross domestic product (GDP), species turnover rate increased significantly. Mean annual air temperature and the distance to road had no significant effects on species turnover. The species turnover rate decreased when soil pH became too acidic or too alkaline, and the rate reached the maximum value when pH was 5. Climate, soil, topography, and human disturbance explained 33.55% of the species turnover deviances, of which, soil accounted for 26.54% of the GDM deviances, while climate and topography, human disturbance accounted for 13.39% and 3.17% of the GDM deviances, respectively. Soil pH contributed 37.28% of the deviances to the species turnover of shrubland community. In conclusion, environmental factors (especially soil pH) were the major drivers of the species spatial turnover in northern mid-subtropical shrubland communities.

Key words: environmental heterogeneity, shrubland, species turnover, generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM)

GAO Lu-Xin, LAN Tian-Yuan, ZHAO Zhi-Xia, DENG Shu-Yu, XIONG Gao-Ming, XIE Zong-Qiang, SHEN Guo-Zhen. Spatial turnover of shrubland communities and underlying factors in northern mid-subtropical China[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2022, 46(11): 1411-1421.

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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0288

https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y2022/V46/I11/1411

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Geographical distribution of samples of shrubland communities in northern mid-subtropical China.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of environmental factors in the plots of shrubland communities in northern mid-subtropical China

环境因子 Environmental variable	简写 Abbreviation	平均值±标准误 Mean ± SE	最小值 Minimum	最大值 Maximum	变异系数 CV (%)
≥0 ℃积温 Accumulated temperature (≥0 °C) (°C)	AAT0	5 725.40 ± 54.49	2 045.40	6 715.90	13.46
≥10 ℃积温 Accumulated temperature (≥10 °C) (°C)	AAT10	5 100.49 ± 55.66	1 216.10	5 947.00	15.43
年平均气温 Mean annual air temperature (°C)	T_a	15.65 ± 0.16	3.80	18.40	14.38
年降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	P_a	1 467.53 ± 15.78	1 047.50	1 892.90	15.21
湿润指数 Moisture index	IM	67.28 ± 1.89	14.85	174.01	39.70
海拔 Altitude (m)	Alt	258.98 ± 1.95	7.00	2 818.00	128.16
坡度 Slope (°)	Slope	27.32 ± 1.03	0.00	80.00	53.18
坡向 Aspect (°)	Aspect	159.91 ± 7.51	0.00	351.00	66.42
土壤有机碳含量 Soil organic carbon content (mg·g^-1)	SOC	13.99 ± 1.41	0.00	118.55	142.46
土壤总氮含量 Soil total nitrogen content (mg·g^-1)	TN	1.35 ± 0.10	0.09	9.07	100.74
土壤总磷含量 Soil total phosphorus content (mg·g^-1)	TP	0.59 ± 0.03	0.09	3.34	74.57
土壤pH Soil pH	pH	5.84 ± 0.11	3.87	9.34	27.05
国内生产总值(10⁴元·km^-2) Gross domestic product (10⁴ yuan·km^-2)	GDP	1 130.89 ± 135.31	60.00	21 627.00	169.21
人口空间分布(人·km^-2) Population spatial distribution (person·km^-2)	POP	261.14 ± 15.34	22.30	2 048.36	83.09
到居民点的距离 Distance to resident (m)	d_Respt	630.39 ± 58.72	0.00	3 727.12	131.74
到道路的距离 Distance to road (m)	d_Road	153.86 ± 45.20	0.00	2 797.37	415.54

Fig. 2 Relationship between the gradient of topographic variables (A-C), climate variables (D-G), soil physical and chemical properties (H-K), human disturbance (L-N) and β diversity of shrubland communities in northern mid-subtropical China. AAT0, accumulated temperature (≥0 °C); AAT10, accumulated temperature (≥10 °C); Alt, altitude; dRespt, distance to resident; GDP, gross domestic product; IM, moisture index; Pa, mean annual precipitation; POP, population spatial distribution; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, soil total nitrogen content; TP, soil total phosphorus content. Solid line is the partial response curve, and the dashed line is the change slope of the partial response curve. The function f (variable) in y axis indicated the I-spline-transformed function, and its unit was linking unit of community dissimilarity -ln(1 - dij), dij represents the dissimilarity between sites i and j.

Fig. 3 Relative contribution of predictive variables to inter-community β diversity of shrubland communities in northern mid-subtropical China. AAT0, accumulated temperature (≥0 °C); AAT10, accumulated temperature (≥10 °C); Alt, altitude; GDP, gross domestic product; IM, moisture index; Pa, mean annual precipitation; POP, population spatial distribution; dRespt, distance to resident; SOC, soil organic carbon content; TN, soil total nitrogen content; TP, soil total phosphorus content.

Fig. 4 Partitional effects (%) of human disturbance (A), climate and topography difference (B) and soil difference (C) on species turnover of shruband communities in northern mid-subtropical China.

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