Chin J Plant Ecol ›› 2023, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7): 895-911.DOI: 10.17521/cjpe.2022.0454
Special Issue: 生态系统结构与功能
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ZHANG Zhong-Yang1, SONG Xi-Qiang1, REN Ming-Xun2, ZHANG Zhe1,2,*()
Received:
2022-11-10
Accepted:
2023-02-24
Online:
2023-07-20
Published:
2023-07-21
Contact:
*ZHANG Zhe(Supported by:
ZHANG Zhong-Yang, SONG Xi-Qiang, REN Ming-Xun, ZHANG Zhe. Ecological functions of vascular epiphytes in habitat construction[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2023, 47(7): 895-911.
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URL: https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/10.17521/cjpe.2022.0454
Fig. 1 Habitat characteristics constructed by vascular epiphytes. A, Trash-basket plant. B, Tank forms plant. C, Ant-gardens. D, Ant- house plant. 1, basket structure intercepts organic matter; 2, nutrients slowly penetrate downward; 3, tank structure to store water; 4, amphibians that depend on tank bromeliads; 5, leaves to buffer rainwater erosion; 6, root entanglement prevents the nest from disintegrating; 7, ant nest provides nutrients for the plants; 8, ants protect the epiphytes; 9, regular leaves of Dischidia major; 10, hollow expanded specialized leaves; 11, roots grow into specialized leaves; 12, roots absorb organic matter produced by ant activity.
科 Family | 属 Genus | 分布地 Distribution | 主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class) | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
天南星科 Araceae | 花烛属 Anthurium | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | F, M | Zona & Christenhusz, |
喜林芋属 Philodendron | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
崖角藤属 Rhaphidophora | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
藤芋属 Scindapsus | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
铁角蕨科 Aspleniaceae | 铁角蕨属 Asplenium | 热带、亚热带广布 Widespread in Tropics, Subtropics | A-N | |
聚星草科 Asteliaceae | Collospermum | 大洋洲 Oceania | A-G, J, K, L | |
兰科 Orchidaceae | 合萼兰属 Acriopsis | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | N | |
Ansellia | 中非、东非、南非 Central Africa, East Africa, South Africa | |||
石豆兰属 Bulbophyllum | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
Catasetum | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Clowesia | 中美洲 Central America | |||
Coryanthes | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
兰属 Cymbidium | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
Cyrtopodium | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Gongora | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Grammangis | 东非 East Africa | |||
Grammatophyllum | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
Graphorkis | 中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa | |||
Stanhopea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Thecostele | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
露兜树科 Pandanaceae | Benstonea | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | — | |
水龙骨科 Polypodiaceae | Campyloneurum | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | A-C, E-G, J, L | |
槲蕨属 Drynaria | 南亚、东亚、东南亚、大洋洲 South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania | |||
舌蕨属 Elaphoglossum | 热带广布 Widespread in Tropics | |||
禾叶蕨属 Grammitis | 南美洲 South America | |||
剑蕨属 Loxogramme | 中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa | |||
星蕨属 Microsorum | 中非、东非、东南亚、大洋洲 Central Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Oceania | |||
鹿角蕨属 Platycerium | 热带广布 Widespread in Tropics | |||
环花草科 Cyclanthaceae | Ludovia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | — |
Table 1 Epiphytes plants with trash-basket structure and animals living inside
科 Family | 属 Genus | 分布地 Distribution | 主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class) | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
天南星科 Araceae | 花烛属 Anthurium | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | F, M | Zona & Christenhusz, |
喜林芋属 Philodendron | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
崖角藤属 Rhaphidophora | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
藤芋属 Scindapsus | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
铁角蕨科 Aspleniaceae | 铁角蕨属 Asplenium | 热带、亚热带广布 Widespread in Tropics, Subtropics | A-N | |
聚星草科 Asteliaceae | Collospermum | 大洋洲 Oceania | A-G, J, K, L | |
兰科 Orchidaceae | 合萼兰属 Acriopsis | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | N | |
Ansellia | 中非、东非、南非 Central Africa, East Africa, South Africa | |||
石豆兰属 Bulbophyllum | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
Catasetum | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Clowesia | 中美洲 Central America | |||
Coryanthes | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
兰属 Cymbidium | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
Cyrtopodium | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Gongora | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Grammangis | 东非 East Africa | |||
Grammatophyllum | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
Graphorkis | 中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa | |||
Stanhopea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | |||
Thecostele | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | |||
露兜树科 Pandanaceae | Benstonea | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | — | |
水龙骨科 Polypodiaceae | Campyloneurum | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | A-C, E-G, J, L | |
槲蕨属 Drynaria | 南亚、东亚、东南亚、大洋洲 South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania | |||
舌蕨属 Elaphoglossum | 热带广布 Widespread in Tropics | |||
禾叶蕨属 Grammitis | 南美洲 South America | |||
剑蕨属 Loxogramme | 中非、东非 Central Africa, East Africa | |||
星蕨属 Microsorum | 中非、东非、东南亚、大洋洲 Central Africa, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Oceania | |||
鹿角蕨属 Platycerium | 热带广布 Widespread in Tropics | |||
环花草科 Cyclanthaceae | Ludovia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | — |
亚科 Subfamily | 属 Genus | 分布 Distribution | 主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class) | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
沙漠凤梨亚科 Pitcairnioideae | Brocchinia | 南美洲 South America | P | Givnish et al., |
凤梨亚科 Bromelioideae | Aechmea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | A-N, P-T | Freire et al., |
Androlepis | 中美洲 Central America | F | Fragoso & Rojas-Fernández, | |
Araeococcus | 中美洲 Central America | P | Benzing & Bennett, | |
水塔花属 Billbergia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | P | Cardoso et al., | |
Canistrum | 中美洲 Central America | P | Albertoni et al., | |
Hohenbergia | 中美洲 Central America | P | Albertoni et al., | |
Lymania | 中美洲 Central America | — | Benzing & Bennett, | |
Neoregelia | 中美洲 Central America | A, I, M, P, Q, R | Almeida & Souza, | |
Ronnbergia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | — | Benzing & Bennett, | |
Nidularium | 中美洲 Central America | P | Albertoni et al., | |
Quesnelia | 中美洲 Central America | P | Cardoso et al., | |
空气凤梨亚科 Tillandsioideae | Alcantarea | 中美洲 Central America | P, R | Henle & Knogge, |
Mezobromelia | 南美洲 South America | P | Moyano & Benitez-Ortiz, | |
Catopsis | 中美洲 Central America | E, I, P, O, L, K, J | Nielsen, | |
Glomeropitcairnia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | I, P, Q | Jowers et al., | |
Guzmania | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | P, Q, T | Torreias et al., | |
铁兰属 Tillandsia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | I, K, M, N, P, H | Frank et al., | |
Vriesea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | A, F, G, I, K, E, N, P, H, Q | Laviski et al., |
Table 2 Bromeliads plants with tank structure and animals living inside
亚科 Subfamily | 属 Genus | 分布 Distribution | 主要共存动物(纲) Main coexisting fauna (class) | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
沙漠凤梨亚科 Pitcairnioideae | Brocchinia | 南美洲 South America | P | Givnish et al., |
凤梨亚科 Bromelioideae | Aechmea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | A-N, P-T | Freire et al., |
Androlepis | 中美洲 Central America | F | Fragoso & Rojas-Fernández, | |
Araeococcus | 中美洲 Central America | P | Benzing & Bennett, | |
水塔花属 Billbergia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | P | Cardoso et al., | |
Canistrum | 中美洲 Central America | P | Albertoni et al., | |
Hohenbergia | 中美洲 Central America | P | Albertoni et al., | |
Lymania | 中美洲 Central America | — | Benzing & Bennett, | |
Neoregelia | 中美洲 Central America | A, I, M, P, Q, R | Almeida & Souza, | |
Ronnbergia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | — | Benzing & Bennett, | |
Nidularium | 中美洲 Central America | P | Albertoni et al., | |
Quesnelia | 中美洲 Central America | P | Cardoso et al., | |
空气凤梨亚科 Tillandsioideae | Alcantarea | 中美洲 Central America | P, R | Henle & Knogge, |
Mezobromelia | 南美洲 South America | P | Moyano & Benitez-Ortiz, | |
Catopsis | 中美洲 Central America | E, I, P, O, L, K, J | Nielsen, | |
Glomeropitcairnia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | I, P, Q | Jowers et al., | |
Guzmania | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | P, Q, T | Torreias et al., | |
铁兰属 Tillandsia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | I, K, M, N, P, H | Frank et al., | |
Vriesea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | A, F, G, I, K, E, N, P, H, Q | Laviski et al., |
科 Family | 属 Genus | 分布地 Distribution | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae | 眼树莲属 Dischidia | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, |
Hoya | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, | |
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae | 芒毛苣苔属 Aeschynanthus | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann & Maschwitz, |
Codonanthe | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Blüthgen et al., | |
Columnea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Orivel & Leroy, | |
野牡丹科 Melastomataceae | 酸脚杆属 Medinilla | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, |
厚距花属 Pachycentria | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, | |
桑科 Moraceae | 榕属 Ficus | 东南亚、中美洲、南美洲 Southeast Asia, Central, South America | Kaufmann, |
荨麻科 Urticaceae | 锥头麻属 Poikilospermum | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann & Maschwitz, |
姜科 Zingiberaceae | 姜花属 Hedychium | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, |
天南星科 Araceae | 花烛属 Anthurium | 南美洲 South America | Blüthgen et al., |
喜林芋属 Philodendron | 南美洲 South America | Schmit-Neuerburg & Blüthgen, Blüthgen et al., | |
凤梨科 Bromeliaceae | Aechmea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Morales-Linares et al., |
Neoregelia | 南美洲 South America | Davidson & Epstein, | |
Streptocalyx | 南美洲 South America | Davidson & Epstein, | |
仙人掌科 Cactaceae | 昙花属 Epiphyllum | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Schmit-Neuerburg & Blüthgen, |
兰科 Orchidaceae | Coryanthes | 中美洲 Central America | Morales-Linares et al., |
Epidendrum | 中美洲 Central America | Morales-Linares et al., | |
胡椒科 Piperaceae | 草胡椒属 Peperomia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Youngsteadt et al., |
茄科 Solanaceae | Markea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Dejean et al., |
Table 3 Representative families, genera, and the major distribution areas of ant-garden epiphyte species
科 Family | 属 Genus | 分布地 Distribution | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae | 眼树莲属 Dischidia | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, |
Hoya | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, | |
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae | 芒毛苣苔属 Aeschynanthus | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann & Maschwitz, |
Codonanthe | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Blüthgen et al., | |
Columnea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Orivel & Leroy, | |
野牡丹科 Melastomataceae | 酸脚杆属 Medinilla | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, |
厚距花属 Pachycentria | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, | |
桑科 Moraceae | 榕属 Ficus | 东南亚、中美洲、南美洲 Southeast Asia, Central, South America | Kaufmann, |
荨麻科 Urticaceae | 锥头麻属 Poikilospermum | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann & Maschwitz, |
姜科 Zingiberaceae | 姜花属 Hedychium | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Kaufmann, |
天南星科 Araceae | 花烛属 Anthurium | 南美洲 South America | Blüthgen et al., |
喜林芋属 Philodendron | 南美洲 South America | Schmit-Neuerburg & Blüthgen, Blüthgen et al., | |
凤梨科 Bromeliaceae | Aechmea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Morales-Linares et al., |
Neoregelia | 南美洲 South America | Davidson & Epstein, | |
Streptocalyx | 南美洲 South America | Davidson & Epstein, | |
仙人掌科 Cactaceae | 昙花属 Epiphyllum | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Schmit-Neuerburg & Blüthgen, |
兰科 Orchidaceae | Coryanthes | 中美洲 Central America | Morales-Linares et al., |
Epidendrum | 中美洲 Central America | Morales-Linares et al., | |
胡椒科 Piperaceae | 草胡椒属 Peperomia | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Youngsteadt et al., |
茄科 Solanaceae | Markea | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Dejean et al., |
科 Family | 属 Genus | 特化器官 Specialized organ | 分布地 Distribution | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
茜草科 Rubiaceae | Myrmecodia | 通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Kapitany, |
Hydnophytum | 通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Kapitany, | |
Squamellaria | 通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem | 大洋洲 Oceania | Chomicki & Renner, | |
夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae | 眼树莲属 Dischidia | 特化叶 Special leaves | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Treseder et al., |
水龙骨科 Polypodiaceae | Lecanopteris | 中空根状茎 Hollow rhizome | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Gay, |
兰科 Orchidaceae | 鹿角蕨属 Platycerium | 叶包鞘 Leaf sheath | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Franken & Roos, |
Microgramma | 中空的侧根状囊 Hollow lateral root sac | 南美洲 South America | Davidson & Epstein, | |
Caularthron | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Fisher et al., | |
凤梨科 Bromeliaceae | Myrmecophila | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Fisher et al., |
Schomburgkia | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Rico-Gray & Thien, | |
Dimerandra | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Stuntz et al., | |
Tillandsia | 叶基部扩宽 Leaf base widening | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Benzing, |
Table 4 Representative families, genera, distribution and the specialized organs of ant-house epiphytes
科 Family | 属 Genus | 特化器官 Specialized organ | 分布地 Distribution | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
茜草科 Rubiaceae | Myrmecodia | 通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Kapitany, |
Hydnophytum | 通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Kapitany, | |
Squamellaria | 通道式块状茎 Channel tuberous stem | 大洋洲 Oceania | Chomicki & Renner, | |
夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae | 眼树莲属 Dischidia | 特化叶 Special leaves | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Treseder et al., |
水龙骨科 Polypodiaceae | Lecanopteris | 中空根状茎 Hollow rhizome | 东南亚、大洋洲 Southeast Asia, Oceania | Gay, |
兰科 Orchidaceae | 鹿角蕨属 Platycerium | 叶包鞘 Leaf sheath | 东南亚 Southeast Asia | Franken & Roos, |
Microgramma | 中空的侧根状囊 Hollow lateral root sac | 南美洲 South America | Davidson & Epstein, | |
Caularthron | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Fisher et al., | |
凤梨科 Bromeliaceae | Myrmecophila | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Fisher et al., |
Schomburgkia | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Rico-Gray & Thien, | |
Dimerandra | 中空假鳞茎 Hollow pseudobulb | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Stuntz et al., | |
Tillandsia | 叶基部扩宽 Leaf base widening | 中美洲、南美洲 Central, South America | Benzing, |
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